【作者】 宋超；

【导师】 孔令栋；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 政治学理论， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 人类社会的每一次技术革命都会对政治生活产生巨大的影响。报纸和电视等大众传播媒介所采用的传播技术在很大程度上已经改变了选举的进程和公民对政治的参与程度,互联网的出现,不仅仅代表着人类传播技术的变化与进步,更以一种前所未有的方式渗透到我们生活的方方面面。以互联网为代表的信息网络使得网络社会正在崛起,网络以其巨大的影响力改变了人们的思维方式和生活模式,并对整个社会产生了巨大的影响力,毫无疑问,网络也对政治系统产生了巨大的冲击,尤其是对公民政治参与产生了前所未有的影响。政治参与是公民通过一定的方式和渠道影响政治过程的行为,现代意义上的政治参与理论源自于近代民主理论中人民权利的思想。民主本质上要求广泛的政治参与,因此,政治参与是民主政治的核心,也是现代政治系统良性运转的必要条件。公民的政治参与体现了公民对于国家的权利和义务,我国宪法规定公民享有广泛的政治参与权,而且以人民民主专政制度为起点,建立了包括人民代表大会制度、中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度、信访制度、基层民主制度等等的制度安排,在实际的政治生活中,公民政治参与的主要形式为进行选举和投票、参加社团组织或者政党组织、信访等等。改革开放以来,中国经济的飞速发展、社会结构的变革和利益的分化推动了中国政治参与的发展,随着互联网的发展和网络社会的崛起,互联网凭借自身的信息量大、公开性和实效性等成为公民政治参与的主要平台之一。人们在现实中政治参与的需求得不到满足,就会借助网络这一媒介进行宣泄,利用虚拟空间来获得政治参与诉求的实现。对于中国而言,伴随着互联网的普及和网民队伍的扩大,互联网对中国政治生活的影响也越来越重要。人们越来越多的利用网络获取政治信息、参与政治生活。2008年6月,中国网民规模超过美国,居世界首位。在当下的中国,网络不仅仅建构了一个虚拟的世界,也为公民政治参与创设了新的方式,它以一种无中心的、离散的结构打破了以往政治参与时间与空间的限制,网络政治参与所具有的低成本性、平等性、开放性、高效性、直接性、互动性等特征在某种程度上实现了政治参与者的平等,政治参与的价值理念在网络时代体现得比任何时代都要明显。在启动公共议程方面,网络政治参与具有不依赖政府批准的独特优势。网络赋予了公民话语权,在政治参与过程中,公众通过网络所形成的网络舆论尽管不必然影响政府决策,却是政府在决策时所需要考虑的重要因素,因而极大地激发了公民政治参与的热情。同时,网络也为政府与公民之间的互动提供了一个非常便利的平台,推动了政府与民众的沟通与对话,提升了公民政治参与的能力。网络不仅改变着人们的政治观念、改变着政治参与的模式和方法,也改变着政府决策的行为,为中国政治发展创设了新的环境。网络政治参与是公民借助网络这一媒介参与政治生活进而影响政治进程的行为,与传统政治参与相比,网络政治参与具有参与主体的广泛性、参与方式的互动性等特点。在这一新的政治参与模式面前,政府如果采取积极有效的措施与公民在网络空间展开互动和交流,形成良好的互动关系,就能够控制矛盾的发生,也能够疏导和协调各种冲突,网络政治参与就是现实政治的“解压阀”。然而,如果政府不能够跟上网络社会的发展,对网络政治参与这一新的政治参与模式采取强压和打击的手段,就会导致矛盾和冲突的升级,网络政治参与就会成为政治冲突的“催化剂”。2003年“孙志刚事件”标志着中国网络政治影响力的真正形成。2008年初,绥德事件、西丰事件、天门事件和华南虎事件经过网络舆论传播放大,造成了广泛的社会影响。从“躲猫猫”事件、邓玉娇案、杭州飙车案,到上海“钓鱼执法”、石首骚乱,再到奥运圣火传递风波和谷歌退出中国事件,网络都发挥了惊人的政治影响力。网络不仅仅是一般民众参与政治活动、向政府进行利益表达和政治监督的重要工具,同时,也是广大政府官员了解民情、汇聚民智的重要途径。目前,中国的各级官员越来越认识到网络的重要,许多领导干部通过开设博客和发帖等方式参与网民的互动。2011年被称作中国的“政务微博”元年。越来越多的政府机构和政府官员开始使用微博,政务微博作为民众与党政机关和政府官员交流沟通的平台,不仅能够提高政府部门的行政效率,还能推进政务信息公开和整合电子政务资源。作为政府创新与管理的新方式,政务微博逐渐成为令人关注的力量。换句话说,网络已经成为领导干部治国理政的新媒介,而在实际工作中运用网络的能力,也成为衡量领导干部执政能力的重要标准。当网络与中国政治相结合,究竟会给中国的政治发展带来什么样的变化?网络政治参与兴起的背景和条件是什么?网络政治参与将对中国政治生态带来什么样的影响?网络政治参与影响中国政治发展的路径是什么?中国网络政治参与存在怎样的现实困境?如何有效应对网络政治参与对当前中国政治发展的挑战?本文的研究主题就是就围绕着上述问题对中国网络政治参与的兴起与发展、网络政治参与对中国政治生态的影响、中国网络政治参与存在的现实困境以及加强中国网络政治参与的路径选择进行探讨。本文所依据的基本逻辑是,伴随着网络技术的发展,网络政治参与成为当前中国的一种重要的政治现象,也成为影响现实生活中的国家权力、政治体制、政治文化和政府管理的一个重要的变量。同时,在网络政治参与这一变量的影响下,国家权力、政治文化和政府管理的变化也将反作用于网络政治参与,从而推动对于加强网络政治参与发展的思考。具体来讲,本文共分为八个部分进行论述：第一部分为导论,主要是提出本文研究的主题——当代中国网络政治参与,并对该研究的选题背景、研究意义、研究述评和研究方法与逻辑框架进行阐述与说明。第二部分是研究的基础与理论框架。本部分首先对政治参与以及网络政治参与的概念进行了厘清与界定,然后对研究的相关理论进行论述,对于媒介的政治功能、议程设置理论以及政治参与和政治稳定关系的理论进行论述。第三部分是中国网络政治参与的兴起与发展。本部分首先分析了中国网络政治参与兴起的背景,即互联网的产生及其在中国的发展、转型期中国政治经济的发展和利益冲突的深化。然后对中国网络政治参与的发展历程和主要方式进行了叙述,在此基础上,结合具体的案例对中国网络政治参与的主要特点进行了论述。第四部分是网络政治参与对中国政治生态的影响。本部分主要是从网络政治参与和中国政治意识的变迁、网络政治参与和公共政策、网络政治参与对政府行为的影响——以政务微博为例对网络政治参与背景下政府回应机制与互动模式的转变等方面展开了论述。第五部分是对新媒体环境下中国网络政治参与的具体形态——网络监督进行了分析。随着互联网技术的发展,作为网络政治参与具体形态的网络监督成为当前我国对公权力进行监督和制约的重要方式,本部分从网络监督的兴起、影响以及网络监督在实践中存在的问题、原因和有效推进网络监督制度化建设的路径进行了分析和论述。第六部分是中国网络政治参与的现实困境：数字鸿沟的冲击与挑战、群体极化的负效应。首先对数字鸿沟进行了概述,然后对中国网络政治参与中数字鸿沟表现及成因以及数字鸿沟对中国网络政治参与的影响进行了分析。接下来对群体极化进行了概述,然后对中国网络政治参与中的群体极化的成因以及群体极化对中国网络政治参与的影响进行了探讨。第七部分是加强中国网络政治参与的路径选择。主要是通过加强网络政治参与法律法规的健全、推动政务信息公开、加强网络行业自律和公民网络伦理建设等方面推动中国网络政治参与的健康发展。第八部分是结语。总之,本文从政治传播学的视角对中国网络政治参与进行解读,将网络政治参与放在媒介与政治关系的互动中进行考察,对网络与政治的关系进行了探讨,以此作为分析中国网络政治参与的前提,对网络政治参与的理论基础、发展背景、网络政治参与对中国政治生态的影响、网络政治参与的具体形态—网络监督、网络政治参与的现实困境等问题结合具体的案例作出了较为系统的研究,并对加强网络参与的路径选择进行了剖析。更多还原

【Abstract】 Every technological revolution in human society will create great influence in political life. The communication technology employed by such mass media as newspapers and televisions has greatly changed the election process and citizens’participation in politics. The emergence of the Internet not only represents change and development of communication technology, but also penetrates into every aspect of our life in an unprecedented way. The information network represented by the Internet has led to the rise of network society. The Internet has changed people’s modes of thinking and lifestyles with its great impact. And also it has a great impact on the whole society. Undoubtedly, the Internet has a great impact on the political system, especially on public political participation in an unprecedented way.Political participation is an act that citizens affect politics through certain approach or channel. The political participation theory in the modern sense is originated from the thought of people’s right. In essence, democracy demands extensive political participation, so political participation is the core of democratic politics and a necessary condition for the modern political system of benign operation. The public political participation embodies their rights and obligations for the nation. The constitution in our country has stipulated that citizens have extensive rights for political participation. Beginning with the people’s democratic dictatorship system, our country has established a series of systems including China’s National People’s Congress, multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of Communist Party, petition system and primary-level democracy, etc. In actual political life, the major forms of public political participation are election, voting, petition, participating in social organizations or party organizations, etc.Since the reform and opening up, China’s rapid economic development, revolution in social structure and the differentiation of the interest have promoted the development of China’s political participation. With the development of the Internet and rise of the network society, the Internet has become one of the most important platforms for the public political participation with its enormous information, publicity and efficiency. People’s need for political participation hasn’t been met in reality, so they will satisfy their needs through virtual space, which is the Internet. For China, with the popularization of the Internet and the expansion of Chinese netizens, the Internet has a more and more important effect on China’s political life. People now more frequently use the Internet to obtain political information and participate in political life. In June,2008, the size of Chinese netizens has surpassed that of American netizens and has become the largest in the world. In modern China, the Internet not only constructs a virtual world, but also creates a new way for the public to participate in politics. It breaks the restriction of time and space of traditional political participation with its decentralized and separated structure. Featured by low-cost, equality, openness, efficiency, directness and interaction, etc, network political participation has, to some extent, realized the equality among political participators. The value of political participation in the cyber age has become more evident than any age. In terms of starting a public agenda, network political participation has a unique advantage of not depending on the government approval.The Internet gives the public the right to say. And in the process of political participation, public opinion formed through the Internet may not affect the governmental decision, but it is an important factor that governments should consider of when they are making decisions, which arouses the enthusiasm of public political participation. In the meantime, the Internet also provides a very convenient platform for the interaction between government and the public, which promotes the communication and talk between government and the public as well as improves the ability of public political participation.The Internet not only changes people’s political concept and the mode of political participation, but also changes the act of governmental decision, creating a new environment for China’s political development. Network political participation is an act that citizens participate in the political life, thus influences the political process through the Internet. Compared with traditional political participation, network political participation has been featured by the broadness of participates and the interaction of ways of participation. When faced with this new mode of political participation, if the government takes proactive measures to communicate with citizens on the Internet, good interactive relationship will be formed and conflict will be prevented and coordinated. Network political participation is the pressure reducing valve of realpolitik. However, if the government can not keep up with the development of online community and resorts to coercion and attack, the conflict will escalate. In this case, network political participation will become catalyst of political conflict.In2003, the "Sun Zhigang incident symbolizes the truly formation of China’s network political influence. In the early2008, the "Suide incident","Xifeng incident","Tianmen incident" and "South China Tiger event" are all magnified through network public opinion, leading to extensive social impact. The Internet has played amazing political effect in a series of events, such as "hide-and-seek" event,"Deng Yujiao’s case","Hangzhou drag racing case","Shanghai fishing enforcement","Shishou riot","torch relay event" and "Google’s withdrawal from China". The Internet is not only an important tool for citizens to take part in political activities, express interests to the government and oversight the politics. In the meantime, it is also an important way for governors to know how people are faring and pool their wisdom. At present, Chinese officials have increasingly recognized the importance of the Internet and many leading cadres have taken part in the interaction with netizens through starting a blog and posting, etc. The year of2011was called the first year of China’s government micro blogging. More and more governmental institutions and officials start micro blogs. As a platform for communication between citizens and officials, government micro blogging can not only raise the efficiency of government sectors, but also promote the transparency of government information and the integration of e-governance information. As a new way of government innovation and management, government micro blogging has become a power that people pay more attention to. In other words, the Internet has already become a new media for leading cadres to govern the country. And in practical work, the ability to use the Internet has already become an important criterion of measuring the governing ability of leading cadres.When the Internet is combined with Chinese politics, what changes will it bring to China’s developments of China? What are the backgrounds and conditions for the rising of network political participation? What influences will the network political participation bring to China’s political environment? What are the predicaments of China’s network political participation? How dose network political participation influence China’s development of politics? How to effectively respond to the challenge that network political participation bring to the development of temporary China’s politics? The research objective of this thesis is to study the rise and development of China’s network political participation, the influence of network political participation to China’s political environment, the problems existed in China’s network political participation and the prospects of it around the above questions.The basic logic on which this thesis is based is that, with the development of network technology, network political participation has become an important political phenomenon and an important variable that influences the state power, political regime, political culture and government management. In the meantime, under the influence of network political participation, the changes in state power, political culture and government management will also react on network political participation, thus, pushing forward the thinking about the future development of network political participation. Specifically, the thesis is divided in eight parts.Part one is the introduction, mainly raising the theme of the thesis—temporary China’s network political participation, It also elaborates and explains the background and significance of the subject, the comment and method of the study, and the logical framework.Part two is the basis and logical framework of the study. This part firstly clarifies and defines the concept of political participation and network political participation. Then it discusses the related theories of the study, such as the theories of the political function of the media, the agenda setting and the relationship between political participation and political stability.Part three studies the rise and development of China’s network political participation. This part firstly analyzes the background of the rise of China’s network political participation, which is the emergence of the Internet, the development of it in China, the development of China’s politics and economy and the deepening of interest conflicts in the transitional period. Then it describes the development process and the main approach of China’s network political participation. And on this basis, it discusses major characteristics of China’s network political participation combined with specific examples.Part four is the influence of network political participation on China’s political environment. This part discusses the changes in the response mechanism and interactive modes of the government under the background of network political participation which takes micro blogging as an example. The discussion begins with the changes in network political participation and China’s political consciousness, network political participation and public decision-making, network political participation and the influence of it on government’s act.Part five analyzes the concrete form of China’s network political participation under the environment of new media, which is network supervision. With the development of the Internet technology, network supervision has become an important way to constrain and restrict public power. This part discusses and analyzes the rise and influence of network supervision, problems existed in the practical network supervision and their causes, and the effective methods to boost the institutional construction of network supervision.Part six studies the realistic predicament of China’s network political participation: the strike and challenge of digital gap and the negative effect of group polarization. It firstly introduces the overview of digital gap. Then it analyzes the manifestation and causes of digital gap and its influence on China’s network political participation. Then it discusses the overview of group polarization, and its manifestation and causes of network political participation and its influence on China’s network political participation.Part seven studies the choice of route for the development of China’s network political participation. With perfecting laws and regulations of network political participation, promoting government information publicity, strengthening the self-discipline of network industry and establishing network ethics of citizens, etc, the sound development of China’s network political participation will be promoted.Part eight is the conclusion更多还原