【作者】 王忠君；

【导师】 张启翔；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 园林植物与观赏园艺， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 休闲游憩是现代城市居民重要生活方式,城市公园是城市居民日常进行游憩活动的主要区域,科学引导游人合理地使用城市公园一直是现代城市公园管理者与学术界关注的问题。本研究于2009年至2011年,对圆明园公园绿地生态效益与环境质量进行了实地监测,分析了圆明园公园园林环境的游憩适宜性,并对公园游人的游憩行为进行了调查,总结了游人对公园的使用特征,将游人的游憩需求与公园适游空间相匹配,构建了圆明园公园游憩机会谱,并探讨了公园游憩机会谱在游憩行为引导方面的作用。通过研究,得出了以下主要结论：(1)圆明园公园具有较高园林生态效益水平。公园绿地形成了明显的小气候特征,尤其在春、夏、秋三季植物的增湿降温效益明显,使得公园在湿热条件方面优于城区环境；圆明园公园植物群落具有降低空气悬浮颗粒物浓度的显著作用,尤其是乔灌草型、乔灌型、乔灌结合水面型植物群落的阻滞粉尘效果最佳,公园植物夏季滞尘能力较强；公园绿地环境表现较强的抑菌效应,乔木为主体的植物群落微生物含量相对较低,而结构复杂、密植、郁闭高的植物群落中含菌量相对较高；公园绿地具有显著的降噪能力,植物群落结构特征、郁闭度、群落宽度、噪声源特征等因子是决定绿地降噪效应的主要影响因子；公园绿地空气负离子保持在较高水平,绿量越大、植被的郁闭度越高、越靠近水体的场所空气负离子效应越显著。圆明园公园园林环境具有良好的生态效益,为公园创造宜游空间奠定了坚实基础。(2)良好的生态效益发挥提升了圆明园公园园林环境游憩适宜性水平。研究从自然、社会、美学三个方面对圆明园公园园林环境的游憩适宜性进行了全面评估,结果显示：春、秋两季是圆明园公园小气候适宜游憩时期；公园绿地微生物含量在全年中处于“非常适宜”或“很适宜”游憩水平；从空气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)水平来看,圆明园公园夏季宜游而秋冬两季不宜游,公园中近水空间比非亲水空间更适宜开展游憩活动；公园五月至十一月份具有良好的空气负离子效应,尤其夏季空气负离子水平非常适宜户外游憩活动；公园夏季(七月份除外)声环境质量较高,以乔木为主体的乔灌草型、乔灌型复层植物群落内适宜开展安静型游憩活动；园林植被盖度、绿地可进入条件、山水组合意境、景观亲水程度、园林建筑与环境的和谐程度和文化遗存的价值高低决定了圆明园公园各场所的园林景观美景度的差异。(3)圆明园公园游人参与的游憩活动内容可划分为运动类、观光类、休闲类和主题类等4种类型,激发圆明园公园游人游憩动机的主要因素是园林环境和园林文化,公园的小气候特征、绿色空间构成形式、园林建筑与文化遗址的分布与整理、基础服务设施的完善程度等环境因素对游客的游憩行为有着直接或间接的影响。(4)研究确定了56个景观单元的圆明园公园游憩机会谱构成,将圆明园公园内部游憩空间总体上划分为高适宜水平游憩机会、较高适宜水平游憩机会、中度适宜水平游憩机会、较低适宜水平游憩机会和低适宜水平游憩机会等五种级别与类型。(5)研究提出了城市公园游憩机会谱应用设想——构建城市公园“游憩前线”系统,从平台建设、具备功能、应用对象等三个方面设想了“游憩前线”系统构成框架及其指标体系。本文在分析圆明园公园园林生态效益的基础上,将游憩机会谱理论引入公园游憩组织与环境管理,探讨了在当前智慧旅游时代背景下游憩机会谱在公众游憩过程中发挥的作用,研究具有一定的现实指导意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Recreation plays an important role in urban residents’life. In modern society, managers and scientists have paid more and more attention to how to use parks reasonably where residents often spend their spare time. From2009to2011, the environmental quality monitoring was carried out in Yuanmingyuan garden about ecological effects and recreational suitability of green space. The characteristics of visitors’behavior were investigated and summarized in the garden. Recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS) was established to match recreational needs of visitors in the fitness space of Yuangmingyuan garden, and discussed the role of guiding recreation. The research has achieved the following main conclusions:(1)The green apace has developed high level ecological effects in Yuanmingyuan garden. The obvious microclimate was formed, especially humidifying&cooling effect of plant creating the hot and humid conditions in the garden better than that of other urban environment in spring, summer and autumn. It was significant that plant communities have reduced concentration of air total suspended particulate (TSP) in Yuanmingyuan garden, especially plant communities of Arbor-Surb-Grass type, Arbor-Shrub type, Arbor-Shrub beside waterfront type. Inhibition against airborne microbes was performed strongly in green space, and content of airborne microbes was relatively low in plant communities with arbor as main body, but the content of bacteria was relatively high in the plant communities with more complex structure, higher density and canopy density. Green space had the remarkable function of sound reduction which was influenced mainly by plant community structure characteristics, canopy density, width of green space and noise characteristics. Air negative ions were generated at a high level, and effect of air negative anion was more significant in greater green quantity, higher canopy density and the places closer to water in the garden. Good ecological effects have made a solid foundation to create appropriate recreation spaces in Yuanmingyuan garden. (2) The ecological benefits have played a good portion in promoting recreation suitability of environment in yuanmingyuan garden. The comprehensive evaluation was implemented from three aspects of natural, social and aesthetic on recreation suitability of environment in yuanmingyuan garden. The results have showed that spring and autumn were suitable leisure time in microclimate of yuanmingyuan garden. The content of airborne microbes has kept at "best appropriate" or "better appropriate" level in a whole year. From the perspective of TSP level, summer was favorable but winter was unfavorable to recreational activities and waterfront places were more suitable for recreational activities than other places far away from the water. Effect of air negative ions kept at a high level from in May to November, so that outdoor environment was very suitable for recreational activities, especially in summer. Quality of acoustic environment was higher in summer except July, and plant communities of Arbor-Surb-Grass and Arbor-Shrub type were suitable for recreational activities which needed quiet environment. The scenic beauty degree of landscape was mainly determined by green coverage, accessibility of green space, artistic and cultural conception, distance to water, harmonious degree of architecture and environment, and value of cultural relics.(3) Recreational activities were divided into four types:sports, sightseeing, leisure and theme in Yuanmingyuan garden. Main factors influencing recreational motivation of visitors were garden environment and landscape architecture culture. Such factors as microclimate characters, structure of green space, distribution and sorting of cultural sites and service facilities, have influenced visitors’ behavior directly or indirectly.(4) Amount of ROS was identified on Yuanmingyuan garden. These were generally divided into five types:most, more, moderate, lower, lowest suitable recreation opportunities.(5) Ideal application about ROS has been put forward, which is "Front of recreation" system. Its construction can be formed by three parts:platforms, function and application objects.Based on the assessment of ecological effects, the paper introduced ROS theory into organization and management of recreational activities in parks, and also discussed the application prospect of ROS under the background of the current smart tourism development. Results of the research will have the certain practical values in management of recreational activities in urban parks.更多还原