【作者】 孙蕾；

【导师】 朱泓；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 考古学及博物馆学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 本文以河南省郑州市荥阳薛村遗址和新郑多处遗址汉、唐、宋墓葬出土的人骨遗骸为研究对象。通过分析其性别组成、年龄结构、身高发育程度、骨骼病理创伤、人种特征等问题，从多个角度对郑州地区汉、唐、宋组居民的骨骼标本进行了全面系统的体质人类学研究。在此基础上对中原地区以郑州汉、唐、宋组居民为代表的汉民族的人种成分构成及其演变等问题进行了推测、归纳和概括。研究表明，郑州地区汉唐宋组居民的平均死亡年龄与先秦时代相比已大大延后，其平均期望寿命也有所延长，但女性在生育年龄的高死亡率也说明了郑州地区汉唐宋时代整个社会的经济环境和医疗保健水平仍是比较低下的。郑州地区的汉唐宋成年的两性身高均随着时代的发展呈现下降的趋势，其较低水平的性二形性指数也反映了该地区的女性在维持基本生活的花费上与男性的差别不大。人种特征的研究表明，郑州地区汉唐宋组居民均与现代亚洲蒙古人种的东亚类型存在较大的一致性，较多地表现出了“古中原类型”居民的特点。与各相关近代对比组比较的结果表明，郑州汉代组居民中虽然也可能混入了西北羌系民族和北方游牧民族的某些基因，但在体貌特征上与现代南方汉族存在着很大的相似性；唐代组居民则开始体现一种混合体质性状的趋势，与现代南方汉族出现比较明显的差异；而宋代组居民的体质特征已基本介于不同体质类型之间，相反地，与现代华北地区的汉族在体貌特征上似乎更相像。就本文所研究的资料而言，现代北方汉族体质特征最终形成的时间应不早于宋代。民族的融合、群体遗传基因的改变必然是一个过程，因此，古代人种类型与现代人种类型之间应该存在着反映人种类型渐变的若干中间环节，对郑州地区荥阳薛村遗址和新郑各遗址汉、唐、宋人骨的种系研究将为探讨当今南、北方汉民族体质类型的形成和发展等问题提供一份有价值的古代参考资料。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Ethnic Huaxia which mainly composed of the Xia people, Shang people and Zhou peoplecame into being in the medium and later period of the Western Zhou. During the Qin-Han period,Huaxia ethnic group had grown into the Ethnic Han. The procedure of the Ethnic Han developingher own group and assimilating other ethnic groups for more than2000years has been studied bymany historians, nationalists and humanists. However, the composition of the diverse populations inthe Ethnic Han had been changing since Han dynasty and the anthropologists should study theskeletons in antiquity tombs to look into the causes and the course of the changing.The skeletons in tombs of Han, Tang and Song dynasties from Xuecun site of Xingyang andother sites of Xinzheng, Zhengzhou city, Henan province have been studied in this dissertation. Inthis study, several physical anthropology methods have been used, including demography, statureestimation, human osteology, paleopathology, and statistics. Moreover, the research results canprovide some informations to the scholars who study the health of populations in Central China andwho study the ancient population migrations and the development about the cranial morphologicalcharacteritics. There are seven chapters in this dissertation.Chapter Ⅰ gives a brief description of the concepts about the Ethnic Huaxia and the Ethnic Hanand the relationship between them. The geographical locations and archaeological backgrounds ofthe Xuecun site and other sites in Zhengzhou city have been introduced. And the purpose and thephysical anthropology methods have been explained.Chapter Ⅱ focuses on the sex ratio, age distribution, mean age at death of the populations inHan, Tang and Song dynasties. A comparison of the average mortality rates on many populationsin Central China indicates that the life-spans have been prolonged in the three periods, but the highmortality rates for young women also demonstrates the economic and medical treatment were at alow level.Chapter Ⅲ is about stature estimation. In this chapter, body heights have been estimated fromthe maxium lengths of all the humeri, femora and tibias in adult men and women of Han, Tang andSong dynasties. In order to compare male-female difference in body size numerically, an index ofsexual dimorphism was computed based on the stature estimates. We can draw a conclusion thatbody heights both sexes were becoming increasingly shorter with the times and the differencebetween both sexes’contribution to subsistence was little.Chapter Ⅳ is about paleopathology. This chapter uses trauma, pathology, developmental defects and oral health.Chapter Ⅴ uses non-metrical and metrical morphology of ancient human crania to learn thecharacteristic of cranial shape in Han, Tang and Song dynasties. We concluded that all thepopulations in the three periods were Asian Mongoloids. The racial type of all the populations wasclosely related to the modern East Asiatic Mongoloids, and skulls of the three periods in Zhengzhouwere similar possibly to the modern North Asiatic Mongoloids, the modern South AsiaticMongoloids and the modern Northeast Asiatic Mongoloids.Chapter Ⅵ uses Average Root-Mean-Square of array differential function, cluster analysis andprincipal component analysis to compare the three groups of Han, Tang and Song dynasties inZhengzhou with other groups of ancient and modern times, in order to discuss the related problemsof those developments about the types and composition of race. This study shows that the elementfeature of the three groups of Han, Tang and Song dynasties was Ancient Central China Type.Maybe, there were some genes of ancient “Kiang” in the Northwest area and ancient nomadicpeople in the North area in the population of Han dynasty. And there were more genes of alien racesin the population of Tang dynasty. But the physical character of the population of Song dynasty wasranging among Ancient Central China Type, Ancient Northeast China Type, Ancient NortheastChina Type, etc. The population of Han dynasty looks like the modern South China population. Butthe two populations of Tang dynasty and the modern South China differ in shape more obviously.And the population of Song dynasty looks more evidently like the modern North China population.Chapter Ⅶ makes a summarized discussion about the whole six chapters.更多还原