【作者】 吕文杰；

【导师】 刘富华；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 程度范畴在现代汉语中有多种表现形式，包括：词汇层面，如状态形容词、含有程度义的词语、固定短语；语法层面，如重叠、程度状语、程度补语、含有程度义的框架结构、某些特定句式；语用层面，如语气。其中程度副词和程度补语是最为重要的两种表达方式。作状语的程度副词是现代汉语中表达程度量的最主要的方式。程度副词作为汉语程度量的语法标记成分，具有语义模糊、语义指向单一、功能粘着性强、分布定位性强等特点。我们认为语义上表示程度量，放在形容词（包括部分动词、名词）前作状语是其区别于其他副词的本质特征。以此为标准我们共筛选出101个程度副词。并从程度等级、感情色彩、语体色彩等不同的角度对程度副词进行了全方位的分类。程度副词以状语的身份修饰性质形容词、状态形容词、心理动词、一般动词及其短语，还可以修饰部分名词，将这些中心语所含有的性状义加以量化。程度副词与其所修饰的中心语之间存在双向选择关系，这种选择既受到程度等级的影响，又受双方的感情色彩、语体色彩的制约，有的还受到音节数目的限制。一般说来，高量级的程度副词在与中心语搭配的时候表现出更大的自由度；“有点儿”、“稍微”有明显的感情色彩倾向性；搭配双方语体色彩要保持和谐一致。程度副词作为一个封闭的类，其内部成员的地位并不平等，有典型和非典型之分，各个成员的功能不尽相同。同时这个系统也具有其开放性，不断地吸收新鲜血液。具体到程度副词个体，它们在语义、句法分布、句式选择方面各有特点。程度补语是现代汉语表达程度量的另外一个方式。程度补语与程度副词最大的不同是其表达的程度量多为高量级。程度补语有广义和狭义之分。狭义的程度补语在形式上和语义上有着鲜明的特征：1）不能单说，不能单独回答问题；2）一般不能被否定；3）扩展能力很弱；4）表高程度义；5）语义虚化；6）语义指向述语。我们并以此为依据穷尽式地确定了现代汉语中狭义程度补语的范围，得到程度补语43个。程度补语的成员可以从程度等级、褒贬色彩、结合方式等不同的角度分成不同的类别。能与程度补语组合的述语中心语跟程度副词可以修饰的中心语基本对等，包括形容词、心理动词、一般动词及其短语、部分名词，但是同程度副词相比，具体程度补语的组合能力相对较弱，与述语的双向选择受到更多的限制，这与很多程度补语的词义虚化程度不高有很大关系。程度补语本身没有完全虚化的词汇义、感情色彩义、语体色彩义都大大制约着程度补语的组合能力。很多补语与述语组合时具有明显的倾向性。广义的程度补语与结果补语、状态补语、数量补语存在交叉关系，这是由于述语与补语之间存在多重语义关系造成的。在现代汉语中，“高兴得跳起来”类结果补语、“胖得像充了气的皮球”类状态补语、“高几倍”类数量补语都可以表示述语的程度。广义程度补语与狭义程度补语不同，其是开放的，成员数量可以认为是无限的。程度补语和程度副词在表达程度量方面表现出一定的互补性。补语处于信息焦点的位置，使程度得以凸显，同时由于位于句子的表层，往往带有更浓重的主观色彩。程度副词、程度补语，连同状态形容词、形容词重叠、表达程度的框架结构共同表达着现代汉语的程度量，表现出与印欧语言不同的风格特点。更多还原

【Abstract】 Degree category has many forms in modern Chinese in terms of vocabulary,grammar and pragmatics. There are state adjectives, words contained degree meaningand fixed phrases at the level of vocabulary. Then there are overlapping forms, degreeadverbials, degree complements，frame structures containing degree and syntictacalstructure at the level of grammar. At last, there is mood at the level of pragmatics.Among all these forms, degree adverbs and degree complements are the mostimportant ones.Degree adverbs are the most important expressions of degree category inmodern Chinese. Degree adverbs, as grammatical marks of degree category inChinese, have several features including vagueness in meaning, limitedness insemantic reference, greatness in functional adhesion and fixedness in distribution. Webelieve that degree adverbs differ from other adverbs in that the degree adverbs areusually put before adjectives (including some verbs and nouns), function as adverbialsand express degree category. According to this criterion, we select101degree adverbs.They are classified in terms of the ranks of degree, emotions and styles. Degreeadverbs modify qualitative adjectives, state adjectives, psychological verbs, commonverbs and their phrases and some nouns when they are used as adverbials. Degreeadverbs make a quantitative analysis of the adjectival. Degree adverbs have arelationship of two-way selection with the head words they modified. And thisselection is affected by ranks of degree, emotions and language styles. Sometimes theselection is restricted by the number of syllables. Generally speaking, degree adverbsof high rank have much more freedom when they are collocated with head words.This is closely related to grammaticalization of degree adverbs. For instance,“有点 儿” and “稍微” have conspicuous emotional inclination. The language styles of bothmatches should be the same. Degree adverbs are a closed word class and theirmembers are not equal. Some of them are typical and some are atypical. The functionsof these members are differentiated. Meanwhile, this system is open and brings innew members constantly. As for individuals of degree adverbs, they have differentfeatures in semantics, syntax distribution and sentence pattern selections.Degree complements are another way to express degree category in modernChinese. The most significant difference between degree complements and degreeadverbs is that the degree expressed by the former ones is basically limited to highdegree rank. Degree complements can be defined in a broad sense and a narrowsense. In the narrow sense, degree complements have distinctive features both informs and meanings. Firstly, they can not be used independently, nor can be used toanswer questions independently; secondly, they can not be negated; thirdly, they canhardly be extended; fourthly, they express high degree meanings; fifthly, the meaningsare blurred; sixthly, the meanings refer to the rheme. We have got44degreecomplements based on the determination of the scope of narrow degree complementsin modern Chinese exhaustively. Degree complements can be divided into severaltypes from the perspectives of ranks of degree, positive and pejorative connotationsand structures. Head words of rheme that can be combined with degree complementsparallel with head words which can be modified by degree adverbs, includingadjectives, verbs of psychology, common verbs and their phrases and some nouns.However, compared with degree adverbs, concrete degree complements are weakin their combination, and the two-way selection is more restricted between degreecomplements and rhemes. The major reason for this is many degree complements areweak in meaning blurring. Moreover, degree complements do not have total blurredlexical meaning, emotional meaning or stylistic meaning, which affect thecombination ability of degree complements. Many complements show conspicuousinclination when they are combined with rhemes. Degree complements, in a broadsense, overlap with result complements, state complements and number complementsdue to multiple semantic relations between rhemes and complements. In modern Chinese, result complement such as “高兴地跳起来”, state complement such as “胖得像充了气的皮球” and number complement such as “高几倍” can express thedegree of the rheme. General degree complements are different from narrow degreecomplements because the former ones are open and their number is unlimited. Degreecomplements are complementary to degree adverbs in expressing the degree category.Complements occupy the position of information focus to emphasize degree and theyhave strong subjectivity because they are on the surface of sentences.Degree adverbs, degree complements, state adjectives, adjective reduplication, andpattern structures are all used to express degree category in modern Chinese. Theyshow different styles from Indo-European languages.更多还原