【作者】 黄庆丰；

【导师】 徐小牛；

【作者基本信息】 安徽农业大学 ， 森林培育， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 林分结构包括空间结构和非空间结构,传统林学的主要研究内容是林分的非空间结构,如林分的树种组成、年龄结构、直径结构、树高结构、密度和蓄积等指标的描述,这些表示方法对于林分数量特征的描述是不可缺少的,它可以从数量上表示林分的特征和生产力信息,但由于缺乏空间分布信息,因此在森林经营与管理工作中,难以对其经营措施和技术的选择做出正确的判断。随着近自然森林经营的兴起,森林的结构、过程和诸多关系等洋细信息越来越成为森林经营的前提,其中涉及单木之间空间关系的林分空间结构特征越来越受到重视,已成为国际上天然林经营模拟技术的主要研究内容。本文以安徽省铜陵县和青阳县上世纪50年代封育的四种天然次生阔叶林为研究对象,选择有代表性、能够反映该森林类型林分特征的地段设置调查样地或样方。调查每个乔木样方内胸径大于5cm的树种名称、胸径、树高等,并用全站仪测量并记录全部乔木的三维坐标(X,Y,Z),绘制林木平面空间位置图。为避免边缘误差,在每块样方四周设置5m的缓冲区,缓冲区内的树木只作相邻木记载。调查记载每个灌木和草本样方内植物名称、株数、盖度等。以林分优势树种为对象,在乔木样方中按径阶选取平均标准木,用Monsi分层切割法测定乔木地上生物量,并进行树干解析。灌木和草本层生物量测定采用全收获法。在以上外业调查的基础上,计算各森林类型林分植物多样性和空间结构参数指标,建立林分优势树种地上部分生物量模型及其生长模型,估算林分生物量,分析对比不同森林类型林分空间与非空间结构特征,为植物多样性保护、林分空间结构优化调整及生物量估测等提供依据。类型Ⅰ为麻栎与青冈栎、苦储等落叶与常绿阔叶混交林;类型Ⅱ为麻栎与化香、枫香等落叶阔叶混交林；类型Ⅲ为麻栎与小叶栎、枫香落叶混交林,类型Ⅳ为麻栎落叶阔叶林。四种森林类型林分优势树种均为麻栎,林分直径分布都具有同龄林林分直径结构特征。类型Ⅰ为麻栎、青冈栎-黄山溲疏-半岛鳞毛蕨拼落,共有52种植物,分属33科、43属。乔木层有13科、18属、20种；下木(含木质藤本)层有22科、31属、37种；草本层有8科、8属、9种。类型Ⅱ为麻栎、化香、国槐-水竹-显子草群落,共有93种植物,其中:乔木层19种,分属12科17属；下木层(含木质藤本)有51种,分属31科43属植物；草本层(含藤本)有18科23属,23种植物。类型Ⅲ为麻栎-淡竹-禾叶土麦冬群落,林分乔木层组成树种分属2科2属；下木层有17科18属21种植物;草(含藤)木层植物有10科12属13种。类型Ⅳ为麻栎-淡竹-麦冬群落,林分组成树种分属壳斗科的栎属和榆科的榉树属,优势树种为麻栎,伴生树种有榉树和白栎；下木层有17科17属21种；草本层有7科8属8种。四种森林类型乔木层Shannon-wiener物种多样性在0.18-1.25之间,下木层植物多样性在1.55—1.92之间,草本植物多样性在0.24—1.43之间。分层平均植物多样性变化规律是下木层最大(1.67),其次是乔木层(0.85),最低是草本层(0.74)。类型Ⅱ和类型Ⅲ林分林木总体呈中度以上混交；而类型Ⅰ和类型Ⅱ林分林木总体呈弱度以上混交。但四种森林类型林分优势树种麻栎均呈弱度混交,而伴生树种多为中度以上混交。林分平均大小比数是类型Ⅳ(0.52)>类型Ⅱ(0.50)>类型Ⅰ(0.49)>类型Ⅲ(0.47)。但林分优势树种平均大小比数一般都比伴生树种小。林分平均角尺度为类型Ⅱ(0.56)>类型Ⅰ、类型Ⅳ(0.51)>类型Ⅲ(0.49),林分优势树种多为随机分布。皖南低山天然次生阔叶林林分非空间结构与空间结构研究的最小取样面积为3600-3700m2,此面积能充分反映林分空间与非空间结构多样性,满足林分结构多样性研究精度需要,同时又可以减少外业调查工作量,提高工作效率。麻栎单木地上部分生物量模型为：树干生物量:W树干=0.0197D2.1454H0.9117；树枝生物量:W树枝=0.09593.2301H-1.279;树叶生物量：W树叶=0.03214D1.7386H-0.1539；总生物量：W总=0.0397D2.3628H0.518。从麻栎单木地上部分总生物量及各器官生物量模型拟合效果来看,总生物量模型拟合效果最好,其次是树干、树枝和树叶麻栎单株叶面积指数在0.55-4.01之间,平均1.58左右;叶面积比(干叶重)差异较小,集中在5.37-8.26m2/kg之间。单株叶面积预估模型为W=0.0310(D2H)0.7570四种森林类型乔木层地上部分总生物量在137.1701t/hm2-180.0406t/hm2之间,生物量大小依次是类型Ⅳ>类型Ⅲ>类型Ⅰ>类型Ⅱ。下木层地上部分生物量在8.7835t/hm2到16.2940t/hm2之间。林分地上部分总生物量在149.5523-195.1146t/hm2之间,其大小依次是类型Ⅳ>类型Ⅲ>类型Ⅰ>类型Ⅱ。林分地上部分生物量是乔木层>灌木层>草本层,乔木层地上部分生物量占林分地上部分生物量的90.0%以上,下木层占5.0%以上,而草本层只占0.1%。更多还原

【Abstract】 Stand structures include spatial and non-spatial structure. Traditional forestry research contents are the space structures of the forest such as the tree species composition, age structure, diameter structure, tree heigh structure, density and volume etc. of stand, which are indispensable to description of the quantitative characteristics of a stand. They can show the information of characterstics and productivity of stand, but due to lack of space distribution information, and can’t make the correct judgment to selecting of management measures and techniques in forest management. With the rise of close to natural forest management, forest structures, process and many relationships and other detailed information, have become a more and more the premise of forest management. Stand spatial structure characteristics involving spatial relationship of trees are paid more and more attention, which have been becoming the main research contents of international natural fo management simulation technology.Four types of the natural secondary broad-leaved forests enclosed in1950’s were used as research object in Tonling and Qingyang county of Anhui Province in this paper. We choosed the typical area that can refled the characteristics of the forest type, and set survey sample plot. The tree with DBH>5cm in tree Iyer were surveyed and recorded their species, DBH, height, etc.. At the same time, the three-dimensional coordinates (X, Y, X) of all the trees in plot were measured for mapping the tree spatial position. To avoid edge errors, a5m suffer zone in which all the trees noted as neighbor wood was set around every plot. The plant species, number, coverage etc. of shurbs and herb layer were surveyed and recorded respectively. Mean standard wood of diameter class were selected to estimate the aboveground biomass of tree layer with a hierarchical method according to the dominant tree species. The aboveground biomass of shrubs and herb were estimated with full harvest method. Based on the field investigation, the plant diversity index and the spatial structure indices of each forest type were calculated. The models of aboveground biomass and growth of dominant tree species were built, and the aboveground biomass of stand were estimated. The characteristics of spatial and non-spatial structure of the different forest type were analyzed, which can provide the bases for plant diversity protection, stand spatial adjustment and optimization and biomass estimatiom.Type I is an deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest dominated by Quercus acutissima and Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Castanopsis sclerophylla, etc. Type Ⅱ is a deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest dominated by Quercus acutissima and Platycarya strobilacea, Liquidambar formosana etc.. TypeⅢ is a deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest dominated by Quercus acutissima and Quercus chenii, Liquidambar formosana. TypeⅣ is a Quercus acutissima deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest. The dominated tree species are Quercus acutissima for the four forest types. The diameter disturibution for the four forest types showed the typical feature as even-aged stand.Type Ⅰ is Quercus acutissima and Cyclobalanopsis glauca-Deulzia glauca-Dryopteris peninsulae community, with a total of52plant species in33families and43genera. There are20species in13families and18genera in the tree layer,37species in22families and31genera in the shrub layer, and9species in8families and8genera in the herb layer. TypeⅡ is Ouercus acutissima and Platycarya strobilacea, Liquidambar formosana-Cyperus alternifolius-Phaenosperma globosa community with19plant species in12families and17genera in the tree layer. There are51plant species in31families and43genera in the shurbs layer, and23plant species in18families and23genera in the hurb layer, TypeⅢ is Quercus acutissima-Phyllostachys glauca-Liriope graminifolia community with3plant species in2families and2genera in the tree layer. A total of21plant species in17families and18genera occurred in the shrub layer and13palnt species in10families and12genera in the herb layer. TypeⅣ is Quercus acutissima-Phyllostachys glauca-Liriope graminifolia community. Tree species composition is from Quercus of Fagaceac and Zelkova of Ulmaceae. The dominant tree species is Quercus acutissima. Associated tree species are Zelkova serrata and Ouercus fabric. Surb layer has21plant species in17families and17genera. The herb layer has8plant species in7families and8genera.The Shannon-Wiener diversity indices were between0.18and1.25in the tree layers, between1.55and1.92in the shrub layers, and between0.24-1.43in the herb layers for the four forest types. Mean Shannon-wiener diversity index ranked as order of shrubs layer (1.67)>tree layer (0.85)> herb layer (0.74)In general, the stands of Type Ⅱ and TypeⅢ exhibited moderate mingling, but the stands of Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ exhibited weak mingling. The dominant species, Ouercus acutissima, exhibited weak mingling, associated tree species were moderate mingling for the four forest types. Stand average Neighborhood Comparison index was ranked as TypeⅣ (0.52)>Type Ⅱ (0.50)>Type Ⅰ (0.49)>TypeⅢ(0.47). Mean Neighborhood Comparison index of the dominant tree species was small than the associated tree species. Average Uniform angle index of stand was ranked as Type Ⅱ(0.56)>Type Ⅰ、TypeⅣ(0.51)>TypeⅢ(0.49). The dominant tree species of stands were all random distribution.The minimum sampling area of the spatial and not-spatial structure of the community is3600-3700m2for natural secondary broad-leaved forest in low mountain of southern Anhui. This sampling area can fully reflect the diversity of spatial and not-spatial structure, meet the need of precision of stand structure diversity research. Meanwhile, it can reduce work of field investigation and improve work efficiency.The above-ground biomass models for Ouercus Aculissima were:Trunk W=0.0197D2.1454H0.917.Branchs W=0.0959D3.2301H-1.279Leaves W=0.03214D1.7386H-0.518Total W=0.0397D2.3628H0.518.The model fitting effect of the total above-ground biomass was the best. followed by the trunk, branches and leavesLeaf area index of individual Quercus Aculissima was between0.55and4.01. Average leaf area index was about1.58. Leaf area ratio (dry leaf weight) was little difference, between5.37and8.26m2/kg. Leaf area model of individual tree was W=0.0310(D2H)0.7570.Total above-ground biomass of tree layer was between137.17t/hm2and180.34t/hm2. The order of the four forest types ranked as Type Ⅳ>TypeⅢ> Type Ⅰ> Type Ⅱ. Above-ground biomass of shurb layer was between8.78t/hm2and16.29t/hm2for four forest types.Total above-ground biomass of stand was between149.55t/hm2and195.11t/hm2. with an order as TypeⅣ>TypeⅢ> TypeⅠ>Type Ⅱ for four forest types. The order of the total above-ground biomass for the different layers was ranked as tree layer> shurb layer>herb layer. The above-ground biomass of the tree layer contributed more than90.0%of the stand total. The shrub and herb layers covered5.0%and0.1%of the stand total respectively.更多还原