【作者】 商继政；

【导师】 邓淑华；

【作者基本信息】 电子科技大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 自由是人的本质规定，是人类历史发展的中心线索，是人类理想社会的价值目标。自由问题是各种思想体系的重要议题，也是马克思学说的中心问题和理论主题。虽然马克思的学说自问世以来就遭受了无数的诘难和反对，但是马克思的学说一直保持了旺盛的生命力。马克思仍然在警醒和影响着这个世界，马克思的思想体系仍然在世界政治经济生活和思想文化领域中发挥着重大作用。然而，由于各种各样的原因，出现了各式各样的对马克思有意或无意的曲解和误读，导致马克思和我们之间存在着历史的落差和思想的间距。“经典马克思主义”在当代也遇到了多种困境，重新理解马克思成为现实的必须。在理解马克思的种种路径中，无论是回到实践和重建的路径，还是理论创新与整体研究的路径，都有一个前提，那就是回到马克思。回到马克思不仅仅要回到马克思的文本，更重要的是要回到马克思的文本中寻找马克思学说的理论主题。自由是马克思的理论主题，因此，应当以自由理解马克思。马克思是自由的坚定追求者和不朽殉道者。自由的理想不仅蕴含在他一生的著作中，也体现在他一生的实践中。从早期的博士论文、政论文章、哲学著作到晚期的经济学著作，我们无时不刻感受到他对自由的思考和向往，马克思的每部重要著作中都蕴含着丰富的自由思想。马克思在对西方思想史上的自由观进行扬弃的基础上，创立了科学的自由观。马克思学说中的每个基本概念，无论是“异化”、“阶级”和“人的本质”，还是“必然”、“实践”和“共产主义”，都与自由息息相关；马克思学说中的每个重要理论，无论是他的自然观，还是社会历史观，都以自由为中心；马克思思想体系的每个组成部分，无论是哲学、政治经济学，还是科学社会主义，都以自由为红线。马克思的自由观具有丰富的思想内涵。现实的个人是自由的主体，人的生命活动的自由本质是自由的根据。马克思关于自由的一般概念包含在他对自由与必然关系的认识之中，自由是正确认识必然性基础上的意志自觉自愿与行为自主自立。马克思的实践概念解释了自由何以可能与自由何以实现，实践是自由源泉和本质确证，自由是实践过程中真善美的统一，实践的过程就是自由的生成过程。马克思的自由观虽然从西方各种自由思想中吸取了养料，但在重大和本质的问题上又不同于西方思想史上的其他自由观。在马克思的自由观中，自由是绝对性和相对性的统一，是消极性和积极性的统一，是个人自由和相对自由的统一。人的解放表现为三个维度的同时展开，自由的内容也就体现于人与自然、人与社会、人与自身三个领域之中。马克思的自由观对于认清西方自由主义思潮的本质和缺陷，对于中国特色社会主义建设具有重要指导意义。中国特色社会主义建设应当以追求每个人的自由发展为目标，为促进人的自由发展提供经济、政治、社会和文化条件。更多还原

【Abstract】 Freedom is the provision of human nature, the core clues to the development ofhuman history and is the value goal of human ideal society. The problems of freedomare important issues of the various ideological systems, which are also the centre issueand theoretical theme of Marx’s theory.Although Marx’s theory has suffered numerous doubts and opposition from thebeginning, it has been keeping its vigorous vitality. Marx still alerts and affects thisworld; Marx’s ideological system still plays a significant role in the political andeconomic life and the area of ideology and culture in the world. However, due tovarious reasons, there has been a variety of misinterpret and misreading to Marxintentionally or unintentionally, leading to historical differences and thinking gapsbetween Marx and our life.“Classical Marxism”encountered many dilemmas inmodern society, so a new understanding of Marx becomes reality need. Going back toMarx is the common premise on the various ways of understanding Marx no matter itreturns to practice and reconstruction or theoretical innovation and a comprehensivestudy. Going back to Marx not only means to return to the texts of Marx, but also to beable to find theoretical theme of Marx’s theory from the context. Freedom is thetheoretical theme of Marx’s theory, therefore, we should understand Marx’s theory withfreedom.Marx is a resolute pursuer to the freedom and an immortal martyr. The ideal offreedom is not only implicated in his writings, but also reflected in the practice of hiswhole life. We can feel his thinking and yearning for freedom at any moment fromdoctoral dissertations，political essays and philosophical works in the early to theeconomics books of late, and every important works of Marx contains a wealth of freethought. He creates a scientific concept of freedom on the basis of developing the usefuland discarding the useless of the freedom concept in the history of Western thought.Each basic concept such as “alienation”,“class”,“human nature”,“inevitable","practice" and "communism" is closely interrelated to freedom; Each main theory takesfreedom as the center no matter in his view of nature or the conception of society and history; Each part of the Marx’s ideological systems takes freedom as the main clue nomatter in the philosophy, political economy or scientific socialism.Marx’s freedom view has rich thought intention. Realistic individual is themainstay of freedom, and the freedom essence of human’s life and activity is the reasonof freedom. Marx’s general concepts concerning freedom are included in his view aboutfreedom and necessary connection. Freedom is the voluntary will and autocephalousbehavior based on the correct understanding on necessity. Marx’s practice conceptexplains the possibility of freedom and how freedom could be realized. Practice is thesource of freedom and the essential confirmation. Freedom is the unity of the true, thegood and the beautiful in the process of practice. The process of practice is the processof growth of freedom. Though Marx’s freedom view absorbed a variety of free thoughtsin the west, it is different from the concept of freedom in the history of western thoughton the major and essence problems. In Marx’s freedom view, freedom is the unity ofabsoluteness and relativity, the unity of negativity and positivity and the unity ofindividual freedom and relative freedom.The liberation of human beings performs inthree dimensions at the same time, the content of freedom is reflected in three areas:human and nature, human and society, and human and oneself.Marx’s freedom view plays a significant role for a clear understanding of theessence and defects of western liberation, also has the guiding function to theconstruction of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The construction of socialismwith Chinese characteristics aims at pursuiting of the free development of each person,and provides the economic, political, social and cultural conditions for promotinghuman’s free development.更多还原