【作者】 杨国才；

【导师】 谢德体； 魏朝富；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 农业资源与环境， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 随着我国农业农村信息化的发展和信息技术的进步,国家提出了农业农村信息化的“平台上移、服务下延”发展战略。过去由于①技术的限制和部门与行业条块分割的原因,造成农业农村信息化建设缺乏统筹规划和设计；②信息资源分散、信息平台各自独立,导致农业农村信息资源共享困难；③已有的网站和平台众多,由于管理、运行机制等的原因,信息不能得到及时更新,使得农业农村信息的实用性、时效性差。这些问题己成为制约我国农业农村信息化发展的瓶颈,正是在这样的背景下提出了对农业农村信息化云服务平台集成关键技术开展系统研究的课题。本研究的目的就是通过对农业农村信息化云服务平台集成的关键技术问题进行探讨和研究,在借鉴国外农业农村信息化发展经验和吸收前人研究成果的基础上,对农业农村信息化服务平台建设进行系统的需求分析和可行性分析；围绕云服务平台构建过程中的体系结构、农业农村信息标准、农业农村本体库与知识库、智能信息服务系统等关键模块进行系统设计；以柑橘产业信息化云服务平台为实现案例开展实证研究,探索加快我国农业农村信息化服务平台建设的新思路和新模式,促进农业农村信息化快速发展。本文针对上述研究目标,通过全面系统的分析与研究,其主要研究结论如下1.农业企业、种养大户(合作组织)、农村基层政府部门、农户对信息的需求强烈以重庆市的农业企业、种养大户、农业合作组织、农村基层政府部门、农户为调查对象,采取实地现场调研、座谈会、调查问卷等进行抽样调查。利用统计分析软件SPSS和Excel等分析工具生成了各种分析图表。调查问卷设计是按照受访者对调查指标认为的重要程度打分,从1分到5分。农户和种养大户(专业合作组织)对肥料、种子、农药、税收、补贴、教育与医疗服务等政策法规类信息的需求最高,其次是农业生产技术信息的需求,按照受访者认为的重要程度打分,其政策法规类信息和农业生产技术信息的平均得分分别是3.72和3.21。农民对当前各种渠道获得信息的实用性、时效性、可理解性以及可获取程度都极为不满意,特别是网络用户对信息的可理解性和可获取程度的满意度最低。广大农民和乡镇农技人员对"12316”、“12396"和“12582"等农技服务热线和网站的了解几乎为零,平均分只有1.65。调查的农业企业对生产统计、生产成本、企业内部各类信息的整合集成与共享平台、电子商务、农产品物流与产品质量溯源、客户关系管理(CRM)等信息化需求旺盛,按受访企业认为的重要程度打分的平均分均在4.0-4.5之间,特别是对电子商务、农产品物流与产品质量溯源、客户关系管理(CRM)的信息化需求程度给予了最大的关注。农业企业对生产资料(或原材料)、产品市场和生产技术的信息需求中,其平均分值分别为3.68、3.68、4.11,他们对生产技术信息的关注度更高。农业企业对企业信息化服务外包的意愿中,选择信息服务外包价格合理则愿意的企业占52%,32%的企业选择愿意,16%的企业急需信息化外包服务,没有不愿意的企业。基层政府部门对IT企业参与农村电子党务和政务建设、信息化对提升村镇竞争力以及农村市场拓展的影响给予了极高的关注度,其平均分值分别为4.47、4.34、3.79。涉农政府部门对农民在短彩信信息订阅中遇到的困难程度非常高,其平均分值达到了4.06。农村乡镇的信息化基础设施中办公硬件条件(3.25分)和互联网接入条件(3.70分)尚可,但信息化配套设施(1.43分)和配套资金投入(1.32分)严重不足。基层干部认为农村基层计算机的操作使用能力较差(2.75分)、现有信息系统的易用性差(2.61分)、基层信息技术人才需求度高(4.18分)。农技专家们对当前农业农村信息化建设中各自为政没有统一标准的问题表示了高度关注(4.10分),对村镇党务、政务信息化将促进农民生活服务信息化给予了肯定(3.48分)。农技专家们认为目前的农业农村信息服务体系和信息技术支持服务有待进一步完善和加强(3.02分)。2.农业农村信息云服务平台集成建设的需求分析与可行性分析综合实地调研、座谈和调查问卷的分析结果可以看出,当前农村基层存在三大迫切的信息化需求。①涉农信息平台与资源集成整合的需求。过去由于技术、管理等诸多原因,造成农业农村信息化建设缺乏统筹规划、信息资源分散、信息平台各自独立,导致农业农村信息资源共享困难。通过农业农村信息化云服务平台建设,将对农业农村信息资源进行统一规划设计,充分整合集成各类涉农信息服务平台和资源,必将极大地提高农业农村信息资源共享程度。②个性化、本地化农业科技信息服务的需求。从对农民的问卷调查可以知道,农民对当前各种渠道获得信息的实用性、可理解性极不满意。这充分说明当前农村基层的信息服务亟待改善,而本体与语义技术的成熟应用,为个性化、本地化的农业农村信息服务提供了技术支持。③方便、快捷、正确、及时的农村信息服务需求迫切。目前虽然网站和平台众多,由于管理、运行机制等的原因,信息不能得到及时更新,使得农业农村信息的实用性、时效性差。从云计算的理论研究基础上来讲,云计算理论体系研究发展速度快,理论成果丰富。近年来基于云计算的信息化平台建设和云服务模式方面的理论研究成果众多。已经具备了开展农业农村信息化云服务平台建设的可行性；云计算技术是从分布式处理、网格计算和并行处理等技术发展而来。实际上是一种新的网络技术实现方案。成熟的技术支持为建设农业农村信息化云服务平台提供了有力的技术条件；随着我国国民经济的高速发展,利用工业生产中产生经济效益反哺农业已成为国家的重要政策。因此,已具有了建设农业农村信息化服务平台的经济基础条件。国家政策环境的强力支持,特别是农村社会经济条件还比较薄弱,云服务模式的高效率、低成本、灵活性优势,成为建设农业农村信息化云服务平台的强大动力。3.农业农村信息化云服务平台关键构件的系统设计围绕农业农村信息化云服务平台建设的总体目标和建设内容,以基础设施即服务(IaaS)、平台即服务(PaaS)、软件即服务(SaaS)的架构模式,设计了农业农村信息化云服务平台的体系结构；按照农业产前、产中、产后和农村民生四大类对农业农村信息进行分类的方法,提出了农业农村信息分类标准体系；应用语义技术和本体论,设计了农业农村信息本体库和知识库,分析了农业农村信息本体库和知识库的关系及其构建方法和策略；采用基于RDF的语义表示、语义推理、用户网络行为定向等技术,对农业农村智能信息服务系统进行了系统设计,详细设计了语义推理机、语义知识集成、信息主动推送等模块。4.柑橘产业信息化云服务平台案例的关键技术设计与实现通过基于柑橘产业信息化云服务平台的案例设计与实现的研究,对柑橘产业现状和柑橘信息化资源状况的分析,结合柑橘土壤温度、湿度等参数实时采集与处理的计算机试验模拟系统研究证实：在单机环境下,对于柑橘产业信息化的大规模应用,其内存和外存资源的动态利用受到极大限制。而计算资源的使用也存在同样的问题。为了解决这些问题,必须寻求计算机的新技术来加以解决。云计算技术的出现,为我们带来了解决这些问题的契机。特别是云计算技术的高扩展性、虚拟化、灵活性等特性,将给计算和存储资源的动态扩展带来极大地方便。因此,说明农业农村信息化云服务平台的建设是十分必要的。根据柑橘产业信息化云服务平台建设目标和实施步骤,重点开展了平台总体设计、接口规范设计、数据库设计。围绕柑橘生产过程信息化,在基于Hadoop的云计算平台环境下,实现了平台主界面、柑橘灌溉智能决策系统等功能。进一步证明了基于云计算的农业农村信息化服务平台建设的可行性,探索了云服务平台实现的关键技术。综上所述,本文通过对国内外农业农村信息化服务平台的系统分析研究,以重庆市为调查研究对象,全面系统地分析了云服务平台建设的需求与可行性；针对农业农村信息化云服务平台集成的关键技术与关键构件进行了系统设计；提出了以农业产前、产中、产后和农村民生四大类设计农业农村信息分类标准体系的方法；应用本体和语义技术,设计了农业农村信息本体库和知识库及其构建方法和策略；采用基于RDF的语义表示、语义推理、用户网络行为定向等技术,详细设计了语义推理机、语义知识集成、信息主动推送等模块。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on the achievements in the field of IT and the increasing progress in the rural informationization, the Chinese government has put forwarded a new strategy for the development of agricultural informationization in the rural parts of this country. Inspired by the relative policy, we have started this systematic research on the setting up of theoretical and technical parameters in order to construct a Cloud Computing-based system to serve agriculture. Reasons that account for a lag behind in this field has also been carefully examined as follows:(1) a lack of systematic plans and designs due to limited technology and industry segmentation;(2) a failure to share agricultural information because of decentralized information resources from independent platforms;(3) poor practicability and low efficiency resulted from bad operation management, lack of maintenance, and sluggish updating.The purpose of this study is to, based on the current situation of informationization in China’s rural area and the achievements by foreign countries, use Chongqing as a particular example to analyze the feasibility of systemically establishing informational service system for all farmers in Chongqing rural area, and to set up theoretical and technical parameters in order to construct a Cloud Computing-based system as service platform for farmers. The implementation of these infrastructure would also have the following advantages:(1) enriching the protocols on how to establish informationization service system,(2) further understanding integrity of informationization development in China’s rural area,(3) searching a model sustainable for development of informationization in China’s rural area, and (4) looking for possible novel models or new ideas for fast development of informational service system in China’s rural area, which therefore could eventually speed up the development of informationization among individual farmers across the country and provide a strong support for industrialization in agriculture.After comprehensive studies and statistical analysis, the conclusions can be summarized as below:1. A strong demanding for Such a System from Enterprises in Agriculture, Farmers Specialized in Cultivation And Animal Husbandry, Local Government Officials and Individual Farmers.Various sites of agricultural enterprises, farmers specialized in cultivation and animal husbandry, local government officials and individual farmers had been visited for this investigation. The collected data and information had been analyzed by statistical analysis software SPSS and Excel.The questionnaire was designed in the way that the persons interviewed should provide their answers by the degree of importance from1to5to the given questions. The result helps us to clearly understand the need for informational services and technologies in Chongqing rural area and the problems in obtaining such services.In category of farmers and farmers specialized in cultivation and animal husbandry, the highest marks were given to the needs for the information on fertilizer, seeds, pesticides, taxes, subsidy payment, education, medical and legal services. The demand in second place goes to the information for government policy and regulations; and agricultural production technologies. Their average points are3.72and3.21, respectively.Farmers are not satisfied with the information obtained from various types of media; they feel especially questionable for their practicability, validity, intelligibility and accessibility on information. The network users, in particular, had given the lowest points to intelligibility and accessibility. Majority of farmers and local government officials know nothing about the hot lines and networks of "12316","12396" and "12582"(which are supposed to offer them professional help), the average point for this is only1.65.For the agricultural enterprises, the mostly needed information includes production statistics and production cost; the collective and shareable information among enterprise, such as E-commerce, logistics of agricultural products, product quality traceability and customer relation management (CRM). The average score for such needs is between4.0to4.5points. Followed by means of production (or raw materials), product market, and production technology which scored at3.89,3.89and4.11, respectively. Obviously, enterprises pay great deal of attention to production technology information. In addition, almost without any exception,83%of the agricultural enterprises are willing and17%urgently needing to contract out their informational services.The local Party officials have been paying a high attention to the involvement of IT enterprises which help to build up the informationization system for E-partying and E-governing; and therefore provide the improved competitiveness for rural towns and villages and assist the expansion of rural market. Their average scores for these deeds are4.47,4.34and3.79, respectively. The result also indicates that rural-area governments highly care about the difficulty encountered by the farmers when they are making MMS information subscription. The average point for such a care reaches4.06.When it comes to the infrastructure for informationization system in rural area; the current conditions are fair for the office hardware and internet accesses, they were scored for3.25and3.70 points, respectively. But the supporting equipments and the investment used to purchase these equipments are severely lacking, which only obtained points of1.43and1.32, respectively. The local officials think the ordinary people in rural area have poor ability in using computer (2.75points), the current system is not user-friendly for them (2.61points), and logically, on other hand there is a large demand for well-trained technologists in the area (4.18points).When taking into the consideration of agricultural experts’opinions on development of rural informational system, the ranking of the importance for them are:(1) the need of unification in standard, scored for4.18;(2) recognition of improved quality of life in rural area due to the application of E-partying and E-governing at town and village level, scored for3.48. However, these experts think that there are still rooms for improvement and perfection for establishing rural informational system, its supporting equipments and services. This point scored for3.02.2. Analysis of the Need for an Integrated Cloud Computing System in Rural Areas and the Feasibility StudyField study, investigation talks and questionnaires have shown clearly three urgent needs for information in practical rural life. The first need lies in the integration of agricultural information platforms and resources. The building of a Cloud Computing system will enable an overall planning and integrating of various information resources to be greatly shared so that the lags or setbacks mentioned before will be avoided. Questionnaires have led us to realize the second need for more individual and local information. Farmers who have handed back the questionnaires are not satisfied with the practicability and intelligibility of the related agricultural information. A better service system with a mature technology will basically support the rural information to be more individual and local. In spite of the various websites and platforms, the present information service is still run at low efficiency due to operational and management reasons. Therefore here comes the last need for a service that is fast, convenient, honest and timely with proper updating.Achievements in the theoretical study in the Cloud Computing Theory has resulted from a fast theory research, and resulted in a great number of fruits, which has made possible the application of the Cloud Computing System in rural use. The sophisticated technology in computing has offered strong basis for the building up of the Cloud Computing system for farmers, because this is actually a new web technology that is being put into use, with a combination of these technologies such as distributed processing, grid computing parallel processing. Another important factor for the practicability of the system is the government policy. The speedy economic growth of the country has witnessed policy-makers issuing new development-friendly rules, so that the strong and reliable financial foundation is now ready for the establishment of the infonnationization for agriculture. Backed up by the government policy, and confronted with the fact that the countryside is still under-developed, the Cloud Computing service will be a powerful drive for the construction of a rural informationization platform thanks to its high efficiency, low cost, and great flexibility.3. The Key Technology of Cloud Service Platform of Agricultural and Rural Informalization Centering on the general target and construction contents of cloud service platform of agricultural and rural informalization, using the architecture patterns of IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, this research designs the software architecture of cloud service platform of agricultural and rural informalization and puts forwards classification criterion system according to the classification method that classifies the agricultural and rural information into four categories:before production, during production, after production and the rural common people’s livelihood. Meanwhile, the research applies semantic technology and ontology to design agricultural and rural ontology base and knowledge base and to analyze the relationship between agricultural and rural notology base and knowledge base and its construction methods and strategies. Also it uses semantic expressive technology based on RDF, semantic inference technology to systematically design agricultural and rural intelligent information service and detailedly designs semantic inference machine, semantic knowledge integration an information push system.4. The key technology design and implementation of cloud service platform of citrus industry informalizationIn China, there still is no such a complete collection of laws to ensure the information being factual, effective and in timely fashion, leaving room for scandals that hurt farmers frequently and leave them in financial losses. Therefore, passing and completing relative laws cannot be waited any longer. Everything, from the collection to the publication of information, has to follow the laws. By law, all agricultural enterprises and farmers receiving government subsidies are obligated to provide the information on the production and sales of agricultural products. The monopoly on, as well as blocking, the information will be prohibited. The laws should protect the interests of the users, and promote the information sharing. The regulators should also oversee and make sure no laws are violated. In particular, those involved in the scandals to purposely cheat farmers should be brought to the justice. Together, the legislations and law enforcement will ensure the healthy development of the agricultural and rural informationization service system.To summarize, in this thesis I have thoroughly studied and analyzed the literature, both from abroad and the Chinese sources, regarding the agriculture and rural informationization. I have proposed that the Cloud Computing can serve as a platform to build the agriculture and rural information service system and also performed the feasibility studies. In addition, I have put forth a model to establish a centralized and comprehensive informationization service system that is commercially sustainable. I used Chongqing rural area as an example to demonstrate the platform or system design using the Cloud Computing, the service system layout and execution on building such a system.更多还原