布罗代尔史学研究

【作者】 王伟；

【导师】 张广智；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 史学理论及史学史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 法国历史学家费尔南·布罗代尔(1902-1985)是年鉴学派第二代的领军人物,也是20世纪最重要的历史学家之一。他的历史著作与思想不但深刻改变了西方史学的面貌,而且跨越知识界,全面影响了人们对于历史与世界的整体认知。本论文以布罗代尔史学为研究对象,在整体论述其主要成就的基础上,力图揭示出布罗代尔史学的独特特征。本论文的写作紧扣布罗代尔生平经历与学术思想的关联,展示布罗代尔的史学思想的土壤。具体而言,论文正文各章主要内容如下：第一章“布罗代尔之前的法国史学”,主要探讨布罗代尔史学诞生的学术背景。这部分并非简单地介绍,而是注重揭示出传统史学与新史学的内在一致性,在某种程度上,这两者既断裂又连续。在对早期年鉴学派的介绍中,尤其着眼于后来影响了布罗代尔学术视野的内容。第二章“布罗代尔的学术人生”并非平铺直叙他的个人经历与学术历程,而是把重点集中到两个时期。第一是布罗代尔的童年与青少年时期,他的世界观由此定型。第二是他从事教师工作直至在战俘营中写出《地中海》这一段。这段日子他的经历很独特也很丰富,对于他的历史思想的成熟和史学风格的形成构成直接相关。第三章探讨布罗代尔的“长时段”理论。“长时段”是布罗代尔最具有原创性、影响最广泛、深远的理论,这早已成为学术界的公论。可以毫不夸张地说,“长时段”是布罗代尔历史观的基石。本章分为长时段理论的主要内容和长时段意义两方面探讨。在长时段理论意义方面,揭示了其在历史认识方面的意义和历史伦理方面的意义。长时段理论提示我们重视半静止的深层,是历史认识的一帖清醒剂。长时段理论指引历史研究摆脱狭隘的线性局限性。长时段既是历史学家认识社会、文明的钥匙,也可以说是我们阅读、理解历史著作的指针,更是普通人观察世界的明镜。在历史伦理方面,由于“长时段”的时间尺度超越了人生的经验维度,强调长时段在一定程度上抽离了历史学对于人生的关怀,蠲免了历史学的伦理责任。第四章是“布罗代尔的历史观”,这里的历史观主要是广义的,也包括史学观。主要就三个方面进行论述。一是早期作品中体现出来的反叛传统史学的思想。我试图通过梳理早期代表作的思想来为布罗代尔的思想建立起某种连贯性。第二部分讨论布罗代尔的文明史观。作为在法兰西学院多年讲授文明史的教授,文明史对于布罗代尔来说具有特殊的意义。第三部分则主要通过几个概念的梳理,简单评介他的经济史观。物质文明、资本主义等概念都被布罗代尔赋予了富有鲜明个人色彩的含义,对这些概念崭新解读都是他立足于长时段理论的成果。第五章讨论布罗代尔的史学特质,所谓史学特质,即史学思想、史学风格的独特体现,往往也可以归入历史观(史学观)。本章分为三部分。第一部分“含混的特征”揭示布罗代尔史学写作中含混、不确定、规避定义、不轻易做出结论的特色。第二部分“重视物质因素的多元动因论”一方面探讨了布罗代尔的多元论立场,另一方面对于布罗代尔重视物质因素做了我个人的阐释。第三部分“有限决定论”则对于布罗代尔是否地理环境决定论者这个问题作了一定的探讨。正文以外尚有三个附录,分别是布罗代尔的学术年表,布罗代尔夫人的一篇回忆,以及布罗代尔的一篇访谈。这些材料可以帮助我们全面、立体地把握布罗代尔的史学思想。更多还原

【Abstract】 The French historian Fernand Braudel was the second-generation leader of the Annales School. He was one of the most eminent historians in the20th Century. His historical writings and thought not only profoundly changed the trend of western historiography, but also step across the intelligentsia, and thoroughly influenced man’s overall understanding of the history and the world.In this dissertation, I study Braudel’s historical writings and his historical thought. On the bases of the overall discuss of Braudel’s main achievements, I try to reveal the unique characteristics of his historical writings and historical thought. The writing of this dissertation is closely linked to the association of Braudel’s life experiences and academic thought, showing the soil of Braudel’s historical thought.Specifically, the main body of this dissertation contains following content:The first chapter,"French historiography before Braudel", focuses on the intellectual background before the birth of Braudel’s historical thought. This part is by no means a simple introduction. Instead, I try to reveal the internal consistency of the traditional history and new history. Apparently, these two kinds of history composed ruptures, but to some extents they also formed continuity. On the introduction of the early Annales School, I pay particular attention to the content which later influenced Braudel’s intellectual perspective.The second chapter,"Braudel’s academic life" does not tell a tale of his personal experience and academic history, but to focus on two periods. The first period is Braudel’s childhood and adolescence, during which he formed his worldview. The second period is from the time he engaged in teachers’ work until he finished his work "Mediterranean" in the POW camp. These days he experienced a very unique and very rich life, which directly related to the formation of the maturity of his historical thought and historiography style.The third chapter discusses Braudel’s theory of "longue-duree", which is Braudel the most original thought, the most extensive influence, far-reaching theory, which has already become the academic verdict. It is no exaggeration to say that "longue-duree" is the cornerstone of Braudel view of history. This chapter is divided into two parts, the main content of "longue-duree" and the significance of "longue-duree". The theory of "longue-duree" suggests that we attach importance to the semi-static deep layer in history, which is a sobering medicine in historical understanding. The theory of "longue-duree" guides us to get rid of the narrow linear limitations in the study of history."Longue-duree" is not only a key for historians to understand the societies and civilizations, but also a pointer for us to read and understand historical writings, and a mirror for common people to observe the world. As to the ethics of history, because the time scale of the "longue-duree" lasts far beyond the experience of human life dimension, the emphasis of the "longue-duree" detached history from life care in certain senses, and relieve history of its ethical responsibility.The fourth chapter is "Braudel’s view of history", which here in a broad sense, including the view of historiography. Three aspects are discussed. First, the historical thought revealed in his early writings which revolted against the traditional historiography. I tried to comb through the early masterpiece establish some continuity of Braudel’s thought. The second part discusses Braudel’s view of historiography of civilization. As a professor at the College de France for many years taught the history of civilization, the historiography of civilization has a special meaning for Braudel. The third part is a brief introduction of his view of economical history by means of explaining several concepts.The concepts of material civilization, capitalism, and so on, are concepts which Braudel gave meanings of the rich distinctive personal touch. He based the theory of "longue-duree" to form the new interpretation of these concepts.The fifth chapter discusses the characteristics of Braudel’s historiography, the so-called characteristics means the exemplification of unique historical thought and style. This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part "vague characteristics" reveals that in his historical writings, Braudel always keeps vague and uncertain; he tends to circumvent the definition, and does not easily make conclusions. The second part "multiple motives which emphasizing material factors" on the one hand, explores Braudel’s pluralist position, on the other hand, I give my personal interpretation of Braudel’s emphasis on material factors. The third part of the "limited determinism" is made of this issue of the Braudel whether geographical environment determinist.Apart from the main body, there are three appendices, which consist of the academic chronology of Braudel, reminiscence by Fernand Braudel’s Wife, and an interview of Braudel. These materials can help us to form a comprehensive, three-dimensional grasp of Braudel’s historical thinking.更多还原