【作者】 伏苓；

【导师】 李佩成；

【作者基本信息】 长安大学 ， 水文学及水资源， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 水是人类生存发展的基本要素，饮用水安全一直是全世界热议的焦点。然而在我国干旱半干旱地区，由于干旱缺水、生态脆弱、供水措施滞后，饮用水安全问题十分突出，已严重危害到人民群众的身体健康，影响到当地社会经济的和谐发展，亟需对饮用水安全理论、工程技术及管理措施进行系统研究，使理论系统科学，工程技术成熟高效，管理措施健全有力，以解决饮用水安全问题，保障农村饮用水安全。本学位论文以干旱半干旱地区农村饮用水安全为研究对象，从总体规划、水源及水源地论证、取水措施、处理工艺、管网设计及建设管理等方面开展研究论述，以期构建出合理的农村饮用水安全保障体系。主要内容包括：（1）在深入剖析我国干旱半干旱地区农村饮用水供给状况及存在问题的基础上，提出了干旱半干旱地区农村饮用水安全体系的内涵——是包含了水量充足，水质可靠，水源及供水设施供水能力有保障，取用方便，价格可负担等多方面的综合系统。分析研究了由水质、水量和水压、方便程度、保证率和水价组成的针对此区的农村饮用水安全评价指标体系及各项指标的评价标准。在明确了农村饮用水安全内涵及要求的基础上，建立了涵盖工程技术和管理维护两大模块的干旱半干旱地区农村饮用水安全体系框架。（2）针对干旱半干旱地区水源稀少且分布不均，居民用水量时段差异性明显等特点，按照多水源联合调配、集中和分散供水方式结合、按时按需配给的供给原则，提出了分区供水、分质供水和分时供水三种供水方式，并对各种供水方式进行了详细论述。同时分析了不同水源条件和用水需求下的供水规模计算方法。（3）针对干旱半干旱地区农村多种饮用水水源类型，提出了水源优选原则，及各种水源水量、水质评价计算方法。并根据各水源类型采用不同论证因子进行水源地定位，其中，地表水水源地位置应从水质因素、河床地形、工程地质及施工条件综合考虑，地下水水源地位置应从水文地质条件，水生态环境、施工费用等方面进行论证。雨水收集区的位置应设在减少土壤入渗，增加地表径流的地区。（4）干旱半干旱地区农村以地下水为主要饮用水源，可根据水源地特点选用不同类型地下取水构筑物。当地下水埋藏较深、含水层厚度较丰或层数较多时，可采用管井或大口井取水。当地下水埋藏较浅、含水层厚度较薄时，可建设截潜流工程。在西北黄土旱塬地区，辐射井和渗流井综合了垂直式和水平式地下水取水构筑物特点，取得了良好的截蓄功效。此外在水源极度稀缺地区，水窖集雨是一种饮用水集取的有效手段。文中对以上几种取水构筑物的工艺原理、特点、适用范围、工程结构和设计计算做了详细论述。（5）针对干旱半干旱地区农村饮用水工程特点，将处理系统分为原水和家用储水设施水质处理两部分。原水处理工艺应根据水源水质条件进行选择：当水质符合Ι类标准时，可用直接消毒法；当浊度小于20NTU时，采用慢滤池过滤；当浊度在20~500NTU之间时，采用粗滤+慢滤工艺；当浊度超过500NTU时，在粗滤+慢滤工艺前设预沉设施。对于家用储水设施的水质处理，可通过二次消毒和定期清理来防止二次污染。（6）从管网布置、输水管道和配水管网三个方面研究了管网系统的安全性。首先，利用遥感（RS）技术，并结合实地勘测，对设计资料缺失和滞后部分进行修正，为合理规划供水分区、精准布置管线提供支持。其次，针对农村建设难度大的长距离、高水压倒虹吸重力式输水管道，提出了改进后的水力计算方程以及承压和事故备用保障措施。最后，通过绘制管径——价格相关曲线，结合不同管材沿程水头损失公式，建立了重力式枝状管网的经济管径求解方程。（7）在深入考察各地农村人饮工程管理模式和组织构架的基础上，提出了干旱半干旱地区农村饮用水安全的管理保护措施。一方面，构建了农村饮用水工程管理总站和水管所两级专管、乡镇水管委员会和村管用水户协会群管组织协同配合的管护模式。另一方面，建立了包括建设监督、工程管理、用水安全管理和水价计收与管理的全方位监管制度。（8）以具有典型西北农村供水特点的庄浪县店峡南调人饮工程为例，对整体工程作安全性能预评价，并就其中水压不安全的配水管网部分进行再设计，经过后评价表明，依据本文理论体系建立的农村饮用水工程是安全可行的。更多还原

【Abstract】 Water is the basic element for human survival and development, and drinking watersafety has been the focus of the world people’s attention. In China’s arid and semi-arid regions,however, due to the drought, water shortage, ecological fragility，lag of the water supplymeasures，the problem of drinking water safety has been seriously endanger the health of thepeople, and the harmonious development of the local socio-economic. In order to solve theproblem, and make the drinking water safe in rural areas, the research on the theory,engineering and management measures is an urgent need, and the theory should be systematicand scientific, engineering technology mature and efficient, management measures sound andeffective, This dissertation studies on the rural drinking water safety guarantee system of thearid and semi-arid area, from the aspects of overall planning, water sources and water sourceregions determination, intake measures, treatment process, pipe network optimization andconstruction management, to establish the rural drinking water safety rational guaranteesystem. The main contents include：(1)Based on the study of rural drinking water supply situation and the existing problemsin arid and semi-arid area, China, the connotation of this area’s rural drinking water safetysystem is extended to an integrated system, which contains adequate water quantity, safewater quality, high supply guarantee rate of water sources and facilities, easy to take,affordable prices and so on. The evaluation index system and the evaluation criteria of therural drinking water safety in arid and semi-arid area are analyzed, and the index systemcontains water quality, water quantity, water pressure, convenience, guaranteed rate and waterprice. On the basis of the connotation and requirements of rural drinking water safety in aridand semi-arid area, the rural drinking water safety framework, which covers engineeringtechnology and management maintenance, is built.(2) In the arid and semi-arid area, water sources are scarce and unevenly distributed, andresidential water consumption is obvious different along with the time, according to theprinciple of multi-water sources jointed dispatch, centralized and decentralized water supplymode combination, according to the time and demand, three water supply modes is proposed:zone water supply, dual water supply and timing water supply, and each water supply mode isdiscussed in detail. The calculation method of the water supply scale under different watersource conditions and water demands are also provided.(3) According to a variety of types of drinking water sources in the arid and semi-aridarea, water sources optimal principle and a variety of water quantity, water quality evaluation calculation method are proposed. The determination of water source regions are made fromvarious demonstrate factor: for instance, the factors of quality, river terrain, engineeringgeology and construction condition are for surface water and the factors of hydrological,geological conditions, water ecological environment and construction cost are for groundwater, and soil infiltration, runoff and so on are for rain water.(4) Groundwater as the main source of rural drinking water in the arid and semi-arid area,certain type of intake structures could be selected according to the characteristics of the watersource. When the groundwater buries deeper, with thicker aquifer or many layers of it, deepwell or open well can be used for supplying water. When the groundwater buried shallowerand aquifer is thinner, undertow-interception works can be applied. In the Northwest LoessPlateau region, the radial well and seepage well integrate characteristics of the vertical andhorizontal groundwater intake structures, achieve the nice interception and storage effect. Inaddition, in the areas of water extremely scarce, rainwater cellars can be used to collectingrainwater, which is an effective means of gathering drinking water. A detailed study is carriedon the process principle, characteristics, scope of application, engineering structures, anddesign calculations of the every water intake structure involved in the above.(5) According to the characteristic of rural drinking water projects in the arid andsemi-arid area, water processing system is divided into the raw water treatment and householdwater storage facilities water treatment. Raw water treatment process should be selectedaccording to the water source quality: If the water meets the standard Ι class, directdisinfection can be used; when the water turbidity degree is less than20NTU, slow sandfiltration is suitable; when the turbidity degree varies at20~500NTU, coarse filtration+slowfiltration is appropriate; when the turbidity degree exceeds500NTU, pre-precipitate facility isused before the coarse filtration+slow filtration. For the household water storage facilitieswater treatment, the secondary pollution could be prevented by secondary disinfection andcleaning regularly.(6) Research on the pipe network system security is carried from three aspects: the pipenetwork layout, delivery pipe and distribution system. First, by using remote sensing (RS)technology, combining with field investigations, the lack and lag parts of design data ismodified, in order to get the rational planning of water supply and the precise arrangement ofthe pipeline. Second, for the difficult constructed，gravity type inverted siphon deliverypipeline with long distances, high water pressure in rural area, improved hydraulic calculationequation, methods of pressure bearing and backup safeguard are proposed. Finally, by plottingthe diameter-price correlation curve and combining different pipe head loss formula, economic diameter equations of gravity tree pipe network is established.(7) On the basis of studying on the rural drinking water project management model andorganizational structure, management protection measures of rural drinking water safety inarid and semi-arid areas is proposed. On one hand, the management and protection mode ofthe rural drinking water project is built: be administrated by the water management chiefstation and water management branch station, and supported by the township watermanagement committees and village water user association. On the other hand, thecomprehensive supervision system is established, including construction supervision, projectmanagement, water security management and the water charges.(8) Taking the Dianxia Southward Transfer Rural Drinking Water Project as an example,this has the typical characteristic of northwest rural water supply. After the pre-evaluating tooverall project safe performance, the water distribution network with unsafe water pressure isredesigned, and then the post-evaluation indicates that the rural drinking water project basedon theoretical system of this dissertation is feasible and safe.更多还原