【作者】 谭凯；

【导师】 陈先初；

【作者基本信息】 湖南大学 ， 专门史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 在国势衰颓和中西文化碰撞的大背景下,中国文化面临现代化转型。熊、徐认为,对中国文化的反思和重构,关键在于知识分子,知识分子问题在熊十力、徐复观的思想中占有重要的地位。本文所研究的熊、徐知识分子观包括：对历代知识分子的批评与对现代性冲击下知识分子角色的重建。熊、徐知识分子批评视角是知识与道德。二人从不同角度认可了知识与道德的价值和意义,认为本心是知识与道德的根源。熊十力对知识分子的批评包括汉晋以来文人名士的批评；对汉儒、清儒的批评与对民国知识分子的批评。他认为汉晋以来的文人名士沉湎佛老,以文采盗取浮名；汉儒开始将儒学沦为专制制度的护符；清儒排击高深学问,只识考据之业,不知在考据之外尚有真正人生；民国知识分子对考据与西学的追求则多属“贩卖知识”或“以西学自炫”,造成社会的无序。徐复观分析了专制时代下中国知识分子的基本性格,认为由于中国文化所建立的道德性格,只能验之于个人内心而无客观标准可循,因此只能成就少数知识分子,而很难成就多数人,知识分子便容易在自我欲望的刺激下变得自私自利,在专制制度的压力下,多数知识分子最终沦为专制制度的附庸；知识分子的这种惰性在民国时期延续,民国知识分子盲目趋新正是这种惰性的表现；对于民国新派知识分子对传统文化进行重新整理的主张,徐复观批评他们将知识与道德分离,主张个人学术应该与民族生命联系在一起。熊、徐分析了现代性的主要弊端,认为现代性使人丧失了主体性。通过批评历代知识分子,熊十力、徐复观从知识、道德、政治三个方面对现代性冲击下进行知识分子角色重建。首先,知识分子应站在知识的立场上,培养不畏权势的科学精神,建立知性主体；其次,知识分子应该进一步弘扬德性主体,对社会与文化要有批判意识和担当精神,应该将国家与民族作为自身人格立足点；再次,知识分子应该继承士大夫对专制制度的反抗精神。熊、徐对知识分子角色重建的主张,终极关怀仍然是对中国文化的重建。与熊十力不一样,徐复观还主张,知识分子若要在现代摆脱沦为专制附庸的历史命运,必须借助科学、民主与物质建设的力量作为客观保障。熊十力、徐复观对中国知识分子的批评以及对知识分子自我重建之构想具有多重理论和现实意义,但他们进行知识分子批评时轻易对他人使用道德评判,这是熊、徐知识分子观的缺陷所在。然而徐复观意识到这个问题,并正面看待科学、民主及物质建设对于知识分子人格挺立的重要性,这是熊十力所忽视的地方,也是徐复观对熊十力思想的拓展和提升之处。熊十力、徐复观对中国知识分子的批评以及对知识分子角色重建之构想具有多重理论和现实意义,可避免知识分子的学问与时代和社会脱节,使自己的生命与民族、文化的生命紧密联系在一起。不仅如此,对知识分子主体性弘扬的主张,可以为知识分子抵御现代性冲击提供借鉴,也可以为今天知识分子的身份反思提供某些依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 On the context of national weaknesses and collisions with Chinese and western culture, Chinese culture now is faced up with modern transformation. According to Xiong and Xu’s idea, the key to reassess and reconstruct Chinese culture lies in intellectuals. The issue of intellectuals takes up an important part in Xiong Shili and Xu Fuguan’s thoughts. The intellectual view held by Xiong and Xu in this dissertation contains:criticisms over the intellectuals throughout history and the reconstruction of the role of intellectuals under the modern impact.Xiong and Xu took the knowledge and morality as a critical angle. They approved the value and the meaning of knowledge and morality. Meanwhile, they thought that the source of knowledge and morality is recognizing our conscience. The intellectuals who are criticized by Xiong Shili, including the literati from Han-Jin dynasty, Han and Qing Confucianism scholars, and the intellectuals of Republican period. Xiong takes view of that, Firstly, the literati indulged in Buddhism and Taoism to get undeserved reputation; Secondly, Han Confucianism scholars treat the Confucianism as an umbrella of emperor domination. Besides, Qing Confucianism scholars elbowed out higher learning, they didn’t know what the true life is; thirdly, the intellectuals in Republican period who are in pursuit of Textual Research and Western learning are for "selling knowledge" or "strutting with western learning" caused social disorder.Xu Fuguan analyzed Chinese intellectuals’basic characters in the autocratic time. He believed that due to Chinese moral characters founded in such a culture, there is no objective criterion but relying on one’s heart only. Thus, it contributes to minor intellectuals, not the majority. Intellectuals might easily be egocentric by the stimulation of self-desires. Plus, despotism on systems, many intellectuals had subordinated themselves to despotism. Such kind of inertia within those intellectuals keeps going on in the Republican period. And their chasing new blindly is just a typical behavior of such inertia. While, republican intellectuals combined textual research and western learning which proposed neutral manner to rearrange traditional culture. However, Xu Fuguan holds that personal life can’t be separated with knowledge; rather, personal academic should associate with the nation’s life. Xiong and Xu analyzed that the main shortages of modernity is to let people lose subjectivity. By criticizing intellectuals in history, Xiong Shili and Xu Fuguan contended that reconstructing the role of intellectuals under modernity shock should be divided into three respects:knowledge, morality and politics. First of all, intellectuals should stand for academics, to be unflinching to power and build an intellectual entity. Then, intellectuals should carry forward virtue entity; possess critical consciousness and the responsible spirit. They should take country and nation as their self-personality foothold. Finally, intellectuals should inherit the rebelling spirit of resisting the scholar bureaucrats’despotism. The reconstructing role of intellectuals held by Xiong and Xu is an ultimate concern to rebuild Chinese culture. But the different idea maintained by Xu Fuguan is that if intellectuals want to get rid of the historical destiny of despotism vassals, they have to ask the power of technology, democracy and material construction for help as safeguard.Xiong Shili and Xu Fuguan made moral judgments lightly when commenting the intellectual which is a shortage in Xiong and Xu’s intellectual concept. While, Xu Fuguan realized this problem and positively treat objective power of technology, democracy and material construction etc., which are important to establish strong personalities for intellectuals. Xiong Shili did not pay enough attention to it but Xu made an expansion and promotion later.The criticism of Chinese intellectuals and the conception of reconstructing the role of intellectuals held by Xiong Shili and Xu Fuguan have multiple theoretical significance and realistic significance,which can avoid knowledge having little to do with times and society, tie our life with the life of the nation and the culture together. Furthermore, the proposal of carrying forward the intellectuals’entity can provide references to withstand the modernity impact, and can also offer some bases to reflect the intellectual identity nowadays.更多还原