【作者】 巴义彬；

【导师】 任国栋；

【作者基本信息】 河北大学 ， 动物学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 漠甲广泛分布于亚洲、欧洲、北美洲和非洲的荒漠半荒漠地区，迄今已知由39族3000余种组成。本文依据大量的馆藏标本和野外考察种类，分别从分类概况、一般形态和生物学、材料和方法、系统发育、生物地理和种类记述6个方面进行了整理和介绍。研究取得如下主要成果：一、分类学与地理学研究（一）分类记述。经鉴定标本和资料总结，获得中国漠甲12族44属257种，包括20新种、2新亚族和1新组合。列出各种的文献引证、种的沿革、新种和新记录的特征记述、各种的形态特征、检视标本和分布，共计附图175幅、彩图18版，其他插图27幅、表格11个。攻读学位期间发表和论文记述的新分类单元如下：多瘤卵漠甲Ocneramedvedevi Ren&Ba,2009、粒角漠甲Trigonocnera granulata Ba&Ren,2009、双脊宽漠甲，新种Sternoplax(Mesosternoplax) bicarinata sp. nov.、隆脊宽漠甲，新种S.(Parasternoplax) lineola sp. nov.、白毛扁漠甲，新种Sternotrigonalbipilus sp. nov.、宁夏东鳖甲Anatolica ningxiana Ren&Ba,2010、皱纹东鳖甲A. rugata Ren&Ba,2010、亚磨光东鳖甲A. subpolita Ren&Ba,2010、短齿宽额甲,新种Ascelesodis brevidentata sp. nov.、平边宽额甲，新种A. limbalis sp.nov.、拟藏宽额甲，新种A. pseudothibetana sp. nov.、异颚弗鳖甲Freudeia heteromaxillaria Ba&Ren,2012、显刻小鳖甲Microdera (Dordanea) promptipuncta Ren&Ba,2010、杯胸小鳖甲M.(Microdera) scyphiforma Ren&Ba,2010、山丹小鳖甲M.(M.) shandanana Ren&Ba,2010、新疆小鳖甲M.(M.) xinjiangana Ren&Ba,2010、细边杯鳖甲Scythistenuimarginis Ren&Ba,2010、裂缘圆鳖甲Scytosoma dissilimarginis Ren&Ba,2010、窄胖鳖甲，新种Syachis angustussp. nov.和截形胖鳖甲，新种S. truncatus sp. nov.，漠甲亚族Pimeliina Latreille,1802subt. nov.和漠王亚族PlatyopinaSemenov,1893subt. nov.，隆颊伪细甲Pseudethas convexigena (Ren&Shi,2006) comb. nov.。（二）系统发育。利用Paup4.0分析软件对中国漠甲亚科的族级阶元的系统发育关系进行了初步推断和分析，结果支持Doyen（1993）将漠王族Platyopini和漠甲族Pimeliini合并为漠甲族Pimeliini的观点，并依据生活习性和形态特征的差异：漠甲为夜行性昆虫，前颏基部隐藏于颏下、膜基部骨化，后足基节窝接近，触角11节，眼着生于头两侧；漠王为昼行性昆虫，前颏完全隐藏于颏下、膜基部不骨化，后足基节窝间宽于基节窝长，触角11或10节，眼着生于头顶；建议在漠甲族下增设漠甲亚族Pimeliina Latreille,1802Subt. nov.和漠王亚族Platyopina Semenov,1893Subt. nov.；构建的鳖甲族Tentyriini支序图支持Bouchard等（2005）将宽额甲族Eurymetopini并入鳖甲族Tentyriini的观点，而不支持Lillig（2008）将背毛甲族Epitragini并入鳖甲族观点；推断青藏高原的宽额甲属Ascelesodis和胖鳖甲属Syachis亲缘关系最近，而与其他属亲缘关系较远；并对中国特有属——圆鳖甲属Scytosoma的种间系统发育进行了支序分析。（三）生物地理学。利用ArcView GIS3.2地理分析软件，对物种地理分布信息做了分析，分别绘制了中国漠甲亚科、鳖甲族、脊漠甲属和扁漠甲属的地理分布图。结果显示：1.中国漠甲的中亚成分十分明显，蒙新区是其分布中心，其属级分布呈现由西北种类多向东部物种逐渐减少的趋势和物种的分布与山系走向基本一致的分布特点。2.数据分析表明，中国漠甲有5个分布型，即青藏高原（7属49种）、温带草原（4属5种）、温带荒漠（17属87种）、温带荒漠草原（9属112种）和亚热带森林分布型（3属4种）。其中物种多样性以温带荒漠草原分布型为主，温带荒漠分布型次之，亚热带森林分布型物种最少；中国漠甲有华北区和蒙新区2个主要分布区。3.鳖甲族Tentyriini的分布以中国蒙新区为主，青藏区和华北区次之；华北区和蒙新区的共有种类较多，而青藏区的种类较少。特有属分布以华北区和青藏区较多；物种多样性呈现从分布中心——蒙新区向其他地区辐射减少的趋势；中国鳖甲有明显的本土起源特征，呈现以蒙新区西部荒漠为中心向其他地区分化和扩散的特点，但大部分种类为狭域分布。4.脊漠甲属Pterocoma为漠甲亚科的一狭布属，呈东西两侧种类少，物种分布范围大，中间种类分布，物种分布范围窄的分布格局；具有泛图兰低地（4种）、泛天山（20种）和蒙古高原（6种）3个分布型。数据表明，天山地区为该属的起源和分化中心，蒙古高原和图兰低地为该属的扩散中心。二、适应进化从漠甲的体色、足和翅等方面的研究了该类昆虫的荒漠适应特点。结果如下：1.体色适应。选择昼行性的宽漠王Mantichorula grandis和尖尾东鳖甲A. mucronata和夜行性的突角漠甲Trigonocnera pseudopimelia3种腾格里沙漠的漠甲，对其鞘翅的反射率进行了测试分析，在波长400～800nm的可见光区，三者的反射率差别不大，均以吸收为主；在750～1000nm的红外区，夜行性较昼行性种类吸收率高，且随波长的增加反射率差距也越明显。结果支持“漠甲亚科的体色型与体温的升高关系不大，而是通过模拟具防御腺类群的体色，来躲避天敌、减少被捕食”的适应假说（Doyen&Somerby,1974）。2.足的适应。按类型可分为步行足和挖掘足。其中步行足的长度在不同类群差别很大；长足类群利用较长的足在戈壁、沙漠上快速行走，减少与地表的接触时间，以避免被高温烫伤；同时由于足较长，活动时能将身体抬高，也减少了地表高温对身体的热辐射；正常足的种类，则通过足的形状或附属结构的变化来减少与地表的接触面积，来避免烫伤；短足类群多栖息于青藏高原，有助于在高原温度较低的环境中减少身体散热。挖掘足仅存在于漠甲亚科部分类群的前足，该类型的前足适于在较松软的土壤或沙地进行挖掘，便于昆虫隐藏和躲避敌害，是漠甲亚科对荒漠环境的一种形态适应策略。3.体型适应。对鳖甲族体型与海拔高度的关系做了比较研究，结果表明：除弗鳖甲属Freudeia、漠鳖甲属Melaxumia和圆鳖甲属Scytosoma外，体宽/长比均随海拔的升高而增加；在海拔1000～2000m之间分布的鳖甲，其身体长宽之比的差距不大，而分布于海拔3500m以上的属，其身体长宽之比差距明显。表明鳖甲类昆虫随海拔升高身体有变宽变短的趋势。更多还原

【Abstract】 Pimeliinae widely distributed in Asia, Europe, North America and Africa; there are39tribes over3000species includedin the subfamily. According to a large number specimens, the dissertation researched survey of taxonomic, morphology andbiology, material and methods, systematics, biogeography, and recording of species. The results such as:A. Taxonomy and Biogeography1. There are240thousand words in the dissertation, and include175formal figures,18color plates,27other figures and11tables; there are12tribes44genera257species distributing in China by recorded in the dissertation, and include20newspecies,2new subtribes and1new change of status. The new taxon such as: Ocnera medvedevi Ren&Ba,2009,Trigonocnera granulata Ba&Ren,2009, Sternoplax (Mesosternoplax) bicarinata sp. nov., S.(Parasternoplax) lineola sp.nov., Sternotrigon albipilus sp. nov., Anatolica ningxiana Ren&Ba,2010, A. rugata Ren&Ba,2010, A. subpolita Ren&Ba,2010, Ascelesodis brevidentata sp. nov., A. limbalis sp. nov., A. pseudothibetana sp. nov., Freudeia heteromaxillaria Ba&Ren,2012, Microdera (Dordanea) promptipuncta Ren&Ba,2010, M.(Microdera) scyphiforma Ren&Ba,2010, M.(M.)shandanana Ren&Ba,2010, M.(M.) xinjiangana Ren&Ba,2010, Scythis tenuimarginis Ren&Ba,2010, Scytosomadissilimarginis Ren&Ba,2010, Syachis angustus sp. nov. and S. truncatus sp. nov.; Pimeliina Latreille,1802subt. nov. andPlatyopina Semenov,1893subt. nov.; Pseudethas convexigena (Ren&Shi,2006) comb. nov.2. The subfamily Pimeliinae were cladistical analysised using the Paup4.0; the results supports the combination of thetribe Pimeliini and Platyopini (Doyen,1993), and the tribe ought to separate to two subtribes, the subtribe Pimeliina and thesubtribe Platyopina; the result supports the combination of the tribe Tentyriini and Eurymetopini (Bouchard et. al.2005), butnot support the combination of the tribe Tentyriini and Epitragini (Lillig,2008). The genetic relationship of the genusAscelosodis and Syachis nearst, and remote with other genera in the tribe Tentyriini.3. In the dissertation, the distributing maps of the subfamily Pimeliinae and the tribe Tentyriini in China and the generaPterocoma and Trigonocera in world are drawn, using the ArcView GIS3.2, according to specimen and the literature. Thebiogeograpy is analysised according to the maps, the results show that:a. The faunal composition of Pimeliinae primarily is the composition of palearctic realm in China, and has obviouscharacter of Middle Asia; the Mengxin region is the distributing centre of the subfamily Pimeliinae in China; such indicatethat there maybe are two spreading and replacing lines of the subfamily Pimeliinae in China, the species have different faunalorigin distributing in palearctic realm and in oriental realm, except for the effecting of ecological conditions. The feature ofdistribution of the subfamily is the species rich in northwest region and deficient in southeast region, the species rich inMidwest region and deficient in east region at the level of genus. The other feature of distribution of the subfamily is that thedistribution of species is similar with the mountain trend.b. The species of the subfamily Pimeliinae was divided into5distributing type according with their difference ofdistribution and habitation, such as the type of Tibet Plateau, the type of temperate glassland, the type of temperate desert, thetype of temperate glassland and desert and the type of subtropic forest. The type of Tibet Plateau includes7genera, they arespecies of Plateau evenly, and the genetic relationship is familiar with the species of Pamirs; the distributing character isspreading along to the east side of Himalayas. The type of temperate glassland and desert included9genera and112species,is the primary distributing type of Pimeliinae in China; the distribution of species present east and west trend mainly, andthere are North China region and Mengxin region2distributing centre. The type of temperate glassland includes4genera and5species. The type of temperate desert includes17genera87species, the distributing type is divided into two independentpart by the Bei mountain located in the border of Xinjiang and Gansu. The type of subtropic forest includes3genera4species, they distribute in the area of subtropical evergreen forest in southern of China, and show the Spread shape.c. Most of species in the tribe Tentyriini from China have narrow distribution, only a few are widespread species. TheMengxin district is the main distribution of the tribe, followed by the Qingzang district and Northchina district. At the level ofgenus, domestic genera often distribute in the Qingzang district and Northchina district. The species of Mengxin district issimilar with the species of adjacent area, and have obvious character of Central Asian distribution. The species diversitydecreases from distributing centre to other region. At the species level, the tribe Tentyriini have the character of localorigination, characterized by differentiated and dispersed from Mengxin district to other regions.d. The genus Pterocoma have concentrated distribution, characterized by north and south short and east and west longon distribution; the genus is divided into3distributed types, such as the type of Turan Depression, the type of TianshanMountain and the type of Mongolia plateau. The region of Tianshan Mountain is the original and divided centre of the genus, and the regions of Mongolia plateau and Turan Depression are the spread centre of the genus. The spread of the genus isinfluenced by the variation of elevation enormously. The mountain land and oasis are the boundary of the3distributing types,and are the break line of the distribution of species. For the larvae of the genus lived in soil, the ecologic restriction factor ofthe genus maybe the soil matrix and soil moisture, the factors play an important role in the differentiate and diffusion processof species.e. The genus Sternotrigon was divided into eastern Central Asia type and Mengolia plateau southern type. There are4species included in first type, and5species in second type; the species of first type distributing in Parmirs, south part ofTianshan Mountain and north-west of Kunlun Mountains; the species of second type distributing in south part of Mongoliaplateau. South part of Mongolia plateau is the original and divided centre of the genus, east part of Central Asia is the spreadcentre of the genus.B. AdaptationIn the dissertation, the character of desert adaptation about body color, feet and the wings were analysed. The result suchas:1. The species of subfamily Pimeliinae mostly are black or black brown, and take day activity the principal specie.3species are elected that they lived in Tengger Desert, the reflectivity of elytra were tested, the result show that: in the750~1000nm infrared area, the absorption rate in the nocturnal species is higher than in the Day trip species, and the differencemore and more obvious along with the increase of the wavelength. The result supported the hypothesis, what regards the backcolor of the subfamily Pimeliinae as imitating the species with defensive gland, for avoiding the natural enemy, but the bodycolor have nothing to do with the body temperature (Doyen&Somerby,1974).2. The foot is the chief locomotive organ of insect, the subfamily Pimeliinae evolutionary radiated to difference typesand structure of foot, these feet could divided into walking foot and mining foot by type. The length of walking footprogresses to elongation or shorten, in difference species of the subfamily Pimeliinae. The longer walking foot could by thehigh temperature of upper; at the same time, the raising body reduced the thermal radiation from upper. In the species withnormal walking foot, the shape or the accessory structure of the foot change, the changes could reduce the contact area withupper, for avoiding be scalded. The species of short foot mainly live in Qingzang plateau; the type foot is contributing toreduce radiating of body in the low temperature environment, what indicates that the Arlen’s law is fit for insect. The miningfoot only being the fore foot of some species of Pimeliinae; the type of foot is good for excavation in mellow soil or desert,so that, the insect could conceal and avoid natural enemy.3. Through the comparative analysis for the body form and the altitude. Except for Freudeia, Melaxumia and Scytosoma,the width/length increase in other genae belong to the elevation of antitude. The result show that the body has the evolutiontrend becoming broader and shorter, at the time of the elevation of antitude.更多还原