【作者】 吕鹏；

【导师】 庞朴；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 专门史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 贞观之治,是唐太宗李世民以儒家思想为指导,经过君臣上下的一番励精图治,于贞观年间所开创的一个中国历史上所少有的太平盛世。儒家思想在这一盛世的形成中起到了至关重要的作用。作为贞观时期的政治指导思想,儒学的这种政治指导功能,尤其是其中的德治思想、民本观念、中和思维和教化理论,在唐太宗君臣的积极贯彻实践下,可以说已经深刻地落实到贞观之治的各项施政举措中,从而形成了一个政通人和、繁荣富庶、名垂千古的盛世。唐太宗运用儒家的德治思想来治理国家,注意按照儒家修齐治平的践履顺序来进行。唐太宗认识到修身是治国的基础,于是修行仁义,不敢纵逸。唐太宗不仅自己践行仁义之道,他还特别注意教育其子孙也要正身修德。在对内的统治上,唐太宗选任贤能,注意民生；在对外的民族关系上,唐太宗不仅以武力征伐形成边患的部族,更注意以仁德来抚慰前来归顺的部族,改变了自古皆贵中华,贱夷、狄的做法,“爱之如一”,“绥之以德”,从而实现了民族关系的空前融合。民本观念是唐太宗治国的指导思想之一。唐太宗在以史为鉴、反思隋炀帝所以失天下的过程中,认识到了民本观念的重要性。在唐太宗看来,隋代之所以亡国,就是因为隋帝不体恤百姓,不以百姓为本所致,而隋炀帝尤其如此。于是,唐太宗得出了一个攸关国家生死存亡的根本认识,那就是国家应体恤百姓、以民为本,否则百姓不堪,必将起而亡其国。为了不劳弊百姓,唐太宗尽量做到息土止兵,不夺农时,与民休息,减轻百姓的赋役负担,同时,还积极地劝课农桑,发展生产,增加人口,设置义仓,兴修水利等,为百姓创造良好的生存条件,践行以民为本的施政方针。“中和”思维是唐太宗能够开创贞观盛世的又一法宝。唐太宗所采用的儒家的修、齐、治、平的治国之道,是一种从道德上推已及人的社会治理过程,而这一治国思路中就包含了儒家所强调的个人自我身心内外的和谐及人与人间的和谐,这是儒家和谐理念的两大重要部分。由于唐太宗朝的政治主体包括君、臣、民三种主要构成,所以唐太宗在治国理政中所体现的儒家的和谐理念,主要表现在君主的自我道德修养、和谐的君臣关系及和谐的君民关系中。不仅如此,唐太宗君臣在政治举措方面如民族融合、宗教开明政策,在政治制度方面如三省六部制的设置,科举制的实行,均田制、租庸调制的推行,在法律刑罚方面如《贞观律》的制定等,都体现了儒家的这种和谐精神。教化理论是贞观之治形成的重要思想基础。中国古代的政治模式,在于皇权控制县政,宗族维系乡里,前者为标准的国家权力模式,而后者则主要依赖于礼法与伦理的力量。而伦理的维护,则主要依靠教化,也正因此,教化成为中国古代社会维系乡里社会稳固的重要手段。贞观时期,唐太宗就是运用儒家教化理论来保持基层政权的稳固的。儒家传统教化理论认为是先富后教,但贞观初年,由于长期战乱社会经济凋敝,并不适合这种传统的思路。对此,魏征提出了贫困正可教化的理论。由于采纳了魏征的建议,贞观君臣展开一系列以儒家教化理想为旨归的政策和措施以促进农业发展、基层社会组织的重建和法律伦理化。从而使得短短数年之后,社会上就呈现出一派升平景象。贞观之治所创造的辉煌成就,已经成为中国历代统治者学习的典范,今天实现社会主义现代化,实现中华民族的伟大复兴,同样需要借鉴贞观之治的某些成功经验。尤其是贞观之治能够在现代民主政治建设、现代多元文化的融合、现代社会发展的常与变等问题上给予宝贵的历史借鉴。儒家思想虽然对今天中国的现代化建设具有重要的价值,但是,儒家思想如何能够融入并有效地促进中国的现代化建设,学术界对此却是众说纷纭没有定论。因此,如何寻找、发现儒学价值在当今中国现代化建设中的实现途径或方式,就成为了当下最重要最紧迫的课题之一。事实上,这一问题很早就已被提上了学界的议事日程,那就是在中国近现代学术史上早已存在的儒学的现代化问题。它的出现,是中华民族在摆脱近世以来民族危机、实现现代转变的过程中,一群爱国的有识之士从中国传统文化之核心——儒学出发,学习借鉴西方文化,以图实现中国的救亡图存、富强崛起,即实现中国的现代化的道路。通过儒学的现代化以实现中国的现代化,则是这一主张的主旨所在。在中国近现代史上,提倡此一主张的主要有张之洞等为首的洋务派、康有为等领导的维新派及梁漱溟等开启的现代新儒家。虽然他们通过儒学的现代化来探索中国的现代化的道路是相同的,但随着历史的进程,他们的思想却不断呈现出新的内涵。洋务派主张“中学为体,西学为用”,维新派欲以托古改制实现政治改良,而现代新儒家则主张“内圣开出新外王”。尽管他们的主张并没有实现中国的现代化,但却完成了各自的历史使命而推动了历史的发展。因而,通过他们探索儒学现代化的历史进程,我们可以得到关于儒学现代化的根本方向。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Zhenguan rule" was a millennium in Chinese history which was created by Emperor Taizong under the guidance of Confucianism in ZhenGuan Period. Confucianism played a crucial role in the form of "Zhenguan rule". The thought of rule of virtue, people-based concept, moderate thinking and civilization theory had been deeply carried out to various political measures in ZhenGuan Period. Thus formed a prosperous rich millennium with logical administration and harmonious people, which would go down in history.Emperor Taizong used Confucian moral thoughts to govern the country, and then governed the world to practice according to the idea of Confucian self-cultivation, regulating the family, governing the country. Emperor Taizong knew that cultivating one’s morality was the foundation of governing the country, so he payed attention to training and practicing benevolence and righteousness. Emperor Taizong not only practiced benevolence and righteousness in self, but also payed special attention to educate his children and grandchildren to cultivate their moralities. In the rule of the country, Emperor Taizong selected the officials that had moral and ability, and payed attention to the livelihood of the people. In the foreign national relationship, Emperor Taizong not only used force to against hostile tribes, but also payed attention to comfort the tribes which yielded with benevolence and righteousness. He changed the way of thought that China was exalted but YiDi was nidering since ancient times. He started a unprecedented national relationship of peace.People-oriented concept was one of the guiding ideologies of Emperor Taizong’s rule. By learning from the historical experience that Emperor Yangdi in Sui Dynasty lost his country, Emperor Taizong recognized the importance of people-oriented concept. Emperor Taizong thought the cause of the Sui dynasty perish was that Yangdi did not sympathize with people, did not pay attention to the people. Emperor Taizong reached a crucial fundamental understanding to national survival that the country should sympathize with people, rely on the people, otherwise the people will give up perish his country. In order to protect his people, Emperor Taizong tried to reduce the burden of taxation of the people. At the same time, he also actively encouraged the development of production, increased population, set granary for people, water conservancy, etc, created the good conditions of existence for people, practiced the policy of people oriented.Moderate idea was a magic weapon that Emperor Taizong created a millennium of Zhenguan. The Confucian governing way that Emperor Taizong used to manage the country, is a moral way devolve one’s own thought to others. The Confucian governing way contained the harmony of individual internal and external, body and mind, and the harmony between people. These are two important parts of Confucian harmonious concept. The Confucian idea of harmony in the management of state of Emperor Taizong, mainly displayed in the moral cultivation of self, harmonious king-subject relationship and harmonious king-people relationship. Not only that, the Confucian harmonious spirit was also manifest in many political measures of Emperor Taizong, such as national fusion policy, religious enlightened policy, three province six department system, imperial examination system, the average-land system, rent taxes system, Zhenguan law, etc.Civilization theory was important ideological basis in the form of governance and rosperity of Zhenguan. Chinese ancient political mode was that the emperor power controlled the regime, families controlled the village.The former was the standard of state power mode, but the latter mainly depended on legal and ethical power. The maintenance of ethics relyed mainly on the civilization. So education became important means to keep rural regime stable in the Chinese ancient society. In the period of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong used Confucian civilization theory to maintain the stability of the grassroots political power. The Confucian tradition of education theory was that people became rich up first and then civilization. But in the early Zhenguan period, because of the long war the social economic was damaged and was not suitable for this kind of traditional ideas. Because of this, Weizheng put forward a new education theory that poverty was just to the civilisation. After adopted Weizheng’s suggestions, Emperor Taizong and his ministers launched a series of policies and measures of Confucian enlightenment ideal to promote agricultural development, the social organization reconstruction and legal ethics.A few years later, the society present a millennium scene.The brilliant achievements in the Zhenguan period had become the model of learning to the later rulers.The great revival of the Chinese nation also need the historical experience and rosperity of Zhenguan for reference. Especially rosperity of Zhenguan can give precious historical reference in modern democratic political construction, modern multicultural integration, and the development and change of the society, and so on.Although Confucianism has important value to the modernization of China, the academics also have different opinions and have no conclusion yet about how to integrate into and effectively promote the modernization of China. Therefore, how to find the way or style that Confucianism value was realized becomes the most important and pressing issue now. In fact, the problem has been put on the agenda by the researchers very early. The modernization of Confucianism which has long existed in the academic history of modern China. The reason for its emergence is that the Chinese nation gets rid of the ethical national crisis, realizes modern transformation, a group of patriotic people of insight start from Confucianism which is the core of Chinese traditional culture, learn from western culture, in an effort to realize China’s rescuing, rich, strong and rise, that is the modernization of China. By means of discussing the modernization of the Confucianism to realize the modernization of China, is the theme of this claim. In modern China, the advocate of the claim mainly are the westernization led by zhang zhidong, the reformists led by Kang youwei, as well as modern neo-confucians led by Liang shu-ming. Although their claims to explore the way of the modernization of China through the modernization of Confucianism are similar to each other, their thinkings constantly present new connotations with the development of history. The westernization advocates "the Chinese knowledge is substance, the western learning is function", the reformists try to realize political improvement with Confucianism, and modern neo-confucians advocate"inside saint create new outside the king". Although their claims did not realize the modernization of China, but accomplished their respective historical mission and promoted the development of history. Thereforewe can get the basic direction of the modernization of Confucianism in the base of their searching for modernization of Confucianism.更多还原