【作者】 郭晶；

【导师】 贺来；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 “主体性”观念的现代合理性：马克思的“价值主体性”思想研究“主体的死亡”几乎成为现代哲学的共同呼声，无可置疑，现代哲学透视了近代“主体性”观念存在的重大理论问题，对近代“主体性”观念的批判并非无所依据，且具有重大的理论意义。然而，对近代“主体性”观念的批判是否就能够让我们宣判“主体”的死刑？彻底抛弃“主体性”观念，是否就是最佳解决方案？这仍然是一个需要我们进一步思考的理论问题。对“主体”死亡的宣判，不单单是对近代“主体性”观念具体观点的否定，它关涉到一个根本的前提性问题，即“主体性”观念存在的合法性问题。这是先于“主体性”思想研究的前提性问题。如果我们将现代哲学家提出的批判性观点视为是对“主体性”观念本身的否定，恐怕会将问题简单化，也可能误导我们，使我们错过问题的关键。要对于“主体性”观念存在的合法性问题作出严谨的回答，我们需要清楚界定“主体性”观念的基本内涵，并在此基础上弄清楚现代“主体性”批判的真实意蕴。“主体”这一概念是指人这种特殊的存在者，使“主体”成为人的专属哲学概念的是笛卡尔，他将人从一般实体中提升出来，首次确立了人的“主体”地位。然而，人在何种意义上成为“主体”？我们认为，“主体”自诞生之日起，便开始承载人对于自由的价值追求，追求自由是“主体”的使命，人自称为“主体”，也就是在宣告，我要自由。与此相关，“主体性”作为人的一种特有属性，是使得“主体”得以成立的能力，“主体”既然是人的价值追求的称载者，那么“主体性”便成为人实现价值追求的能力。基于对“主体”和“主体性”的理解，我们有理由认为，“主体性”思想是对于人的价值诉求实现路径的追问。换言之，研究“主体性”的目的，是找出一种方法，使人的自由价值追求切实地实现出来。考察哲学史，我们会发现，“主体性”思想的具体理论观点或许不同，但追求自由这一终极价值目标贯穿始终。在这一意义上，人的“主体”地位是不可，也不该消解的，“主体性”观念始终具有研究的必要和价值。然而，为人类谋求自由和幸福的“主体性”观念何以成为现代哲学的众矢之的？深入考察现代哲学家的“主体性”批判，我们发现，他们或多或少，或显或隐地流露出难以割舍的“主体性”情怀，这与他们极为激烈的批判并不矛盾。现代哲学家的批判可谓有理有据，但他们批判针对的是近代主体形而上学所理解的“主体性”观念。换言之，被宣布死亡的，并不是“主体性”观念本身，或说全部，而是“主体性”的近代内涵，即“认知主体性”。“认知主体性”观念在近代由辉煌走向黄昏绝非偶然，是与其发展的内在逻辑十分契合的。近代主体形而上学以认识论为主要内容，它持有这样一条基本信念：“主体”自由的外在障碍是自然界，“主体”要获取自由就必须认识自然界进而掌控自然界。因此认识活动被视为“主体”获取自由的有效途径。由此，“主体”成为“认知主体”，“主体性”也相应地表现为“认知主体性”。按照主体形而上学的理论逻辑，要扩展“主体”的自由，就必须增强“主体”的认识能力，也就是理性能力，“主体”控制自然的要求无休无止地提高，人的理性能力也被毫无止境地推崇，最终成为主宰一切、唯我独尊的力量，个体的人最终降格为与物相同的、理性实现自身的一个工具或环节。“主体性”观念的确立在否定宗教权威的意义上，扩展了人的自由，但在其发展的过程中背离了初衷，走向了自身的反面，主体的自由再一次失落了。按照这一思路，唯有与形而上学脱离关系，在一种全新的哲学根基之上，“主体性”观念才能获得合理的解读。一旦明了这一问题，我们再来审视现代哲学的“主体性”批判，我们看到的就不再是消极的否定意义，反而是积极的建构意义。现代哲学所要消解的是主体性形而上学所理解的“认知主体性”，或说理性精神，而这一消解恰恰为“主体性”观念在现代的合理解读提供了契机。在主体形而上学批判的大潮中，走在最前列，影响最为深远的当属马克思。通过终结一切形而上学并开启现代实践哲学，马克思在西方哲学史上实现了重大变革。由马克思引发的西方哲学划时代变革对“主体性”思想的发展产生了至关重要的影响。得益于现代实践哲学的创立，“主体性”观念获得了全新的根基，马克思的实践哲学为“主体性”观念在现代的发展开创了全新的视域，为濒临绝境的“主体性”观念带来了生机，也为我们从发展的视角探究“主体性”观念提供了可能。伴随着马克思所实现的哲学革命以及现代实践哲学的开启，“主体性”观念获得了现代意蕴。人类的解放是马克思的毕生追求，马克思的实践哲学也就是人类解放的科学，而自由作为解放的最终目的和主题，自然成为马克思主义哲学的理论内核。因其对人的现实命运的深切关怀，马克思主义哲学呈现出鲜明的“主体性”思想。马克思的实践哲学确立了实践活动较之理论认识活动的优先地位，这使得它必然以实践活动为基础来看待“主体”，从人的生存实践能力角度看待“主体性”。实践活动不是一种价值中立的、机械的活动，从人文价值向度来看，实践活动是一种价值性活动，它包含了主体的价值评判、价值追求和价值理想。因而“实践主体”，也就是“价值主体”，人的“生存本性”也就是“价值主体性”。“主体”自诞生之日起就承载着人的自由的价值追求，因而“价值主体性”符合“主体性”观念的本意。本文着重探讨的是马克思的“价值主体性”思想。对人的自由而全面发展的探寻，贯穿马克思理论活动始终，这充分表明，“主体性”思想是马克思全部理论的核心。马克思的“价值主体性”思想与近代主体形而上学之间存在着重大的差别，马克思探究的“主体”不再是抽象的“认知主体”，而是现实的“价值主体”，人依靠理论认识活动来实现自由诉求的可能性已经被完全否定，生存实践活动才是实现人的自由的切实可靠的途径，“生存本性”才是人的“价值主体性”。马克思将自由的实现奠基于人的实践活动及其历史发展过程之上，体现出了巨大的现实感和历史感。因其凸显出的解放旨趣以及为人的自由开辟了现实的道路，马克思的“价值主体性”思想可以成为当代“主体性”观念的合理解读，马克思的“价值主体性”思想为“主体性”观念在当代的合理性提供了辩护。更多还原

【Abstract】 “Death of subject”has been a common voice of contemporary philosophy. Itcan’t be doubted that contemporary philosophy has an insight into the seriousproblems of the modern subjectivity concept. Its critique is reasonable and meaningful.However, whether the critique is the sufficient evidence of“Death of subject”andwhether negating the subjectivity concept completely is the best choice deserve ourfurther research.“Death of subject”not just means negating the specific viewpoints of modernsubjectivity concept; it is also related to a premise which is the validity of subjectivityconcept. This issue is the basis of all research to subjectivity concept. If we equate thecritique to the negation of subjectivity concept itself, we will simplify the issue, it canalso misguide us and makes us missing the key issue. In order to treat the validity ofsubjectivity concept seriously, we should define the basic meaning of subjectivityconcept clearly; on this basis we can understand the true purpose of critique tosubjectivity in contemporary philosophy.Subject refers in particular to people and Descartes is the first one who achievedthis task. Descartes made people different form the other substances and endowedpeople the identity of subject. However, how can people become a subject? In ouropinions, subject undertakes our pursuing of freedom and pursuing of freedom is themission of subject. People call themselves subject means pursuing of freedom.Relatively, as a specific property, subjectivity makes people become subject. Based onour understanding of these two concepts, we think that subjectivity concept aims tofind the road to get freedom. Through the history of philosophy, differentphilosophers have different opinions but they all pursue freedom. So we think that thesubject shouldn’t be eliminated, it is also can’t be eliminated. The subjectivity conceptdeserves our continual research.However, the subjectivity concept is critiqued strongly in contemporary philosophy, what is the reason? Based on deep research of the critique to subjectivityin contemporary philosophy, we find that the contemporary philosophers still has thesubjectivity idea and this idea does not contradict to their critique. Their critiquedirects at subjective metaphysics. In other words, the contemporary philosophersdeclare the elimination of cognition subjectivity rather than the subjectivity conceptitself.Now we get the real reason that making modern subjectivity concept sinking intodilemmas which is mixed with the metaphysics. Modern cognition subjectivity’sdilemmas are not occasional. It is in accordance with the internal logic of subjectivemetaphysics. Epistemology is the main content of modern philosophy and it believesthat nature is the enemy of people’s freedom. In order to become free, people shouldget the knowledge of nature and control nature. So cognitive activities are regarded asa effective way to get freedom. Subject is regarded as cognition subject andsubjectivity is regarded as cognition subjectivity. According to the logic of subjectivemetaphysics, we need to strengthen our cognitive ability in order to expand ourfreedom. The desire of controlling nature increases without stop and people’s rationalpower is praised without limits. In the end people’s rational power becomes a kind ofstrength to dominating everything. People descend to a tool of rational power. In theprocess of mixed to metaphysics, subjectivity concept turns to the reverse side. Peoplelose freedom.According to our opinions, subjectivity concept must make stop the relevancywith metaphysics and base on a new foundation in order to get new explanations.When we understand the opinions above-mentioned, we will realize the positivemeaning of the critique to subjectivity in contemporary philosophy. The eliminationof subjective metaphysics by contemporary philosophers exactly provides subjectivityconcept with an opportunity for development.Among the spring tide of critique to subjectivity, Marx is the pioneer and makesimmense impact. By exterminating all metaphysics and starting philosophy of praxis,Marx makes a revolution in western philosophy history. This revolutionary change inwestern philosophy history exerts an important influence on subjectivity concept. Benefit from contemporary philosophy of praxis, subjectivity concept gets a newfoundation. Marxist philosophy of praxis offers a new field of vision for subjectivityconcept in contemporary time.it brings about an opportunity for the survival ofsubjectivity concept and makes our constructive trial possible.Human emancipation is lifetime pursuit of Marx and Marxist philosophy ofpraxis is often be considered as the science of human emancipation. As the ultimatetarget and theme, the issue of freedom is the theoretical kernel of Marxist philosophy.On account of the deep care of people’s real fate, Marxist philosophy appears as thetheory of subjectivity. Marx considers practice as the preferential activity and studiessubject and subjectivity on the bases of practice. Practice isn’t a kind of activitywithout value consideration. Indeed, It is a kind of activity considering value. Itcontains people’s valuation pursuance and ideal of value.so the practice subject is thevalue subject and the survival characteristics is the value subjectivity. Form thebeginning, subject undertakes people’s pursuit of valuable freedom, and valuesubjectivity is corresponding with the real intention of subjectivity concept.In this paper, we mainly discuss Marxist theory of value subjectivity. Frombeginning to end, Marx researches the issue of people’s free and all-sideddevelopment. It is obvious that the theory of subjectivity concept is the central contentof Marxist philosophy. There are significant differences between Marxist theory ofvalue subjectivity and modern subjectivity concept. According to Marxist theory ofvalue subjectivity concept, person isn’t abstract cognition subject but a realistic valuesubject. It has been proved that the cognition activity is not the real way to getfreedom and it has no probability. Practice activity is the cogent way and the practicalability is people’s value subjectivity. Marx considers the practice activity and itshistory as the foundations of freedom which attaches immense importance to realityand history. Because of the attention to human emancipation and the realistic plan forpeople’s free and all-sided development, Marxist theory of value subjectivity isconsidered as the valid explanation of subjectivity concept in contemporary time.Marxist theory of value subjectivity provides the proofs for the contemporary validityof subjectivity concept.更多还原