【作者】 王静；

【导师】 马敏；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 本文以基督教传教士为研究对象,探讨传教士对辛亥革命的观察、思考和分析。关于辛亥革命,传教士留下了相当丰富的史料,包括教会期刊文章、传教士书信、日记、差会报告,最重要的是传教士在1912-1914年间关于辛亥革命的一批著作。这些资料对于研究辛亥革命是非常珍贵的,在学术研究中还未得到充分的利用。本文试图利用传教士所留下的资料,探讨传教士在革命前对中国局势的认识、在革命中的所见所闻、对辛亥革命的认识与思考及其产生的影响。本文利用并翻译了大量关于辛亥革命的英文文献,其大部分为国内首次翻译。本文除绪论外共分为六章。第一章简述了基督教晚清在华传教事业,传教士除了直接布道外,所兴办的教育、医疗、慈善、文字出版事业对中国近代社会的发展起到积极的作用。第二章的主要内容是1911年前传教士对中国的认识,重点在晚清新政时期传教士对中国局势的认识。传教士最初来华,看到的是保守、异教的中国文明,中国虽不断地调整自身的政策,传教士对中国的印象在19世纪始终是消极大于积极。在新政时期,传教士对中国局势的看法是动态的,在义和团运动之后,传教士不相信清廷的改革,到新政的举措逐渐推行,传教士逐步地认同和同情改革活动。同时,部分传教士也看到在世界的民主潮流之中,中国的专制统治不可能持久下去。正是在这一时期,传教士对中国及中国人的看法趋向积极。第三、四、五章是本文的主体部分,分别就传教士眼中的革命、传教士对革命的分析和诠释做了论述。第三、四两章论述了传教士在武汉、西安、南京、上海、成都、天津、昆明等地革命中的所见、所闻、所感。总体来说在1911年的革命中,传教士受到来自交战双方的保护,绝大多数传教士没有遇到危险。很多时候传教士成了最可信任的人、最受尊重的人。在发生战斗的地方,传教士救死扶伤、救助弱者,很大程度上改变了中国人对他们的看法。传教士感受到来自各个阶层的友好,均使他们对革命持乐观积极的态度。第五章着重分析传教十对革命的认识与思考。在传教士看来,中国革命的特征有三个,即完成快速、平和、不排外。传教士对中国革命的性质也有不同的看法,大部分认为是革命,也有少数人认为是中国历史发展的产物,是进化。传教士虽对共和制度是否适合中国有不同的意见,但对中国的未来普遍持乐观的态度。传教士看到中国从专制向民主转变中的困难,同时对共和体制在中国的发展报以希望。传教十在分析革命之时,多侧重基督教的作用,如对革命原因和基督教对中国未来的重要性的分析。传教士在探讨革命意义时,不仅看重对中国的意义,更注重中国革命对亚洲和世界的意义。这正是传教士看待中国革命的一个重要特点。随着二次革命和一战的爆发,传教士对中国政治的关注减少,但对中国的未来仍持有信心。第六章论述传教士这一时期塑造的中国形象及其影响,重点分析的是美国传教士对美国的影响。1900年后中国自身的变化及传教事业侧重点的变化都使得传教士倾向塑造一个更为积极的中国形象。从晚清新政时期开始,传教士对中国及中国人的看法是趋向积极乐观的,辛亥革命的发生更加强了这一积极的趋势。在传教士看来,中国是觉醒的、进步的。传教士在这一时期对中国及中国人的积极看法不仅影响了当时的美国人,而且对整个20世纪上半叶美国的中国形象产生了深远的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 This thesis focuses China’s 1911 Revolution through Christian missionaries’eyes. Missionaries made various materials about 1911 Revolution, including their letters, diaries, articles in church magazines, reports to mission board. The most important materials are books which had been written by missionaries on 1911 Revolution during this period. All these materials are very precious to study 1911 Revolution, but have not been fully utilized. This thesis attempts to make use of these materials to see missionaries’understanding of the complex situation of China before 1911, their experiences in the Revolution, their interpretation of the Revolution and its effect. Lots of English materials on 1911 Revolution has been used and translated in this thesis.This thesis consists six chapters, besides introduction. The first chapter sketches the development of Christian movement in late Qing. The work that had been done by missionaries had a great influence on development of Chinese Society, especially education and literatures. The second chapter discusses missionaries’understanding of situation of China before 1911 Revolution, focuses on the last ten years of Qing Dynasty. When missionaries came to China in 19th century, from their points, China was conservative, backward and heathen. China had been accommodating herself to the world, but missionaries’impressions were negative rather than positive. Missionaries’attitude toward Qing government and China had been changing during the New Reformation period. Missionaries did not have confidence in Qing Government just after the Boxer Movement, they gradually indentified with the reformation when new policy were put into practice. For some missionaries, autocracy could be everlasting in China, who has been in the democratic currents in the whole world. Missionaries were prone to create a positive image of China in this period.Chapter Three, Four, and Five are the main parts of this thesis; focus on missionaries’experience in the 1911 Revolution and their interpretation of the Revolution. Chapter Three and Four narrates missionaries’experiences in 1911 revolution in Wuhan, Xi’an, Nanjing, Shanghai, Chengdu, Tianjin, Kunming, etc. Generally, foreigners including missionaries were protected by Qing Officials and revolutionaries in the 1911 Revolution. Sometimes missionaries became the most trust-worthy people, who deserved respect. The activities and services supplied by missionaries changed Chinese’s views of foreigners. Missionaries felt friendly feeling from all classes, and they show their sympathy for Chinese Revolution movementChapter Five emphasizes missionaries’analysis and interpretation of the 1911 Revolution. The three features of the Chinese Revolution were very impressive to missionaries, which were quick result of long preparation, bloodless, and not anti-foreign. Missionaries had different opinions on nature of the 1911 Revolution, most considered it as revolution while someone preferred evolution. Not all missionaries thought republican regime was the most suitable for Chinese people, but generally they were positive and optimistic with future of China. Missionaries did not fail to see the difficulties in China’s transformation, but they believed in Chinese people. When missionaries analyzed the Chinese Revolution, they focused on the influence of Christianity, especially Christianity as a leavening force to bring about revolution, and a crucial element to China’s future. As to the significance of the 1911 Revolution, missionaries not only emphasized effect that brought on China, also the great influence it had on Asia, even the whole world. Missionaries paid less attention to political situation of China in the wake of the Second Revolution and World War I, but they still had confidence in China’s future.The sixth chapter discusses the image of China created by missionaries in this period and its effect, focuses on American missionaries. Missionaries were prone to paint a more positive image of China after 1900, as to the important events took place in China and changes in the nature of missionary work. Missionaries’attitudes towards China and Chinese people were had been positive since the New Reformation in Lat Qing, and this tendency was reinforced strongly by the 1911Revolution. China was progressive, wakened in missionaries’eyes. The image of China created by missionaries in this period affected Americans at that time, but also had a far-reaching influence on image of Chinese in America in first half of 20th century.更多还原