【作者】 陈光春；

【导师】 周洪宇；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 中国教育史， 2012， 博士

【副题名】民国时期中学教师管理制度研究（1912 - 1949 ）

【摘要】 教育与社会中的每个人联系紧密,对社会与个人的影响至为深远。清末、民国时期的中学教育,因其居于初等教育与高等教育的中间阶段,在近代曾一度被当作是救国之利器,起着承上启下的关键作用。在中学教育中居于主导地位的中学教师群体,在近代中国教育转型的过程中,其发展历程、内部构成、工作与生活状况等等,都表现出鲜明的时代烙印,对近代中国社会也发挥着独特而重要的影响。本文力图在近代中国社会政治变迁、经济发展、社会变革等方面背景下,以民国时期中学教师管理制度为考察对象,通过对中学教师群体的发展历程、基本概况、经济待遇、日常活动及政府的管理等方面的考察,多角度、多方位展示民国时期中学教师的实际状况。鉴于对既有研究成果与资料的了解和分析,笔者对民国时期中学教师管理制度研究,按照教师入职管理——在职管理——离职管理的内在联系和逻辑顺序展开教师管理制度研究,全文研究按照总论——分论——余论的结构排列。在论文结构设计上时,突出研究的问题性,采用按问题列纲目,即采用以教师管理制度的五个方面作为五大研究问题的结构形式。同时,纲下各目则采用制度内容、实施情况与失范原因的顺序布置。各章节具体的教师管理制度按照历史演变的顺序进行安排,以体现历史与逻辑的统一性。本文力图以民国时期中学教师制度的形成过程为经,以主要的五项教师管理制度为纬,再现民国时期中学教师管理制度的发展轨迹和具体内容,展现不同教师管理制度的具体实施情况,力求客观揭示民国时期中学教师管理制度失范的原因,注重揭示不同时期不同内容不同要求的教师管理制度对当时教师队伍建设和教育的影响。按照新制度经济学中的制度变迁理论具体分析民国时期中学教师管理制度的生成特点,可以归结为“路径依赖”与“路径创新”两种途径并行、“自然演进”与“理性构建”两种力量兼具、“强制性制度变迁”与“诱致性制度变迁”两种模式共存。民国时期中学教师管理制度失范一是教师管理制度规范缺失；一是教师管理制度规范无效。论文剖析了民国时期中学教师管理制度失范的原因：缺乏一个强有力的政治权威体系、有限的教育经费难保专款专用、战乱不休冲击教育管理制度以及教育行政体制的内部紊乱导致了民国时期中学教师管理制度失范。本文以民国时期中学教师管理制度为研究对象,力图展示民国时期中学教师管理制度建设的曲折历程,从制度与实践等层面对民国时期中学教师管理制度进行勾勒与分析,以加深对近代教育发展的理解并为当前教师管理制度建设提供历史借鉴。据此,除导论部分外,笔者将整个论文分成七个部分进行论述。导论介绍选题缘由及研究意义、研究方法及概念界定、研究资料及文献说明、研究思路及论文框架等。明确民国时期中学教师管理制度主要由教师任用管理制度、教师资格审定检定制度、教师培训进修制度、教师薪给待遇制度、教师养老抚恤制度等构成。第一章介绍清末、民国时期中学教师基本概况,分别介绍了清末、民国时期中学教师社会来源、构成概况和任用管理三大内容。其中对于民国时期中学教师构成概况从学历结构、性别结构、年龄结构和教职员结构四个方面进行详细地阐述。由于论文后面二、三、四、五、六章从教师管理制度不同的内容范畴来具体阐述民国时期中学教师的任用管理,所以在第一章中对于民国时期中学教师任用管理采用引述和概论的方式。第二章介绍民国时期中学教师任用管理制度。一是论述了民国时期中学教师任职资格的有关法规、实施隋况和失范分析。二是论述了民国时期中学教师聘任制度的内容、实施情况和失范分析。第三章介绍民国时期中学教师审定检定制度。首先分析了民国时期建章立制完善中学教师检定制度的历史原因、主要法规及其突出特点；其次介绍了民国时期地方各省实施教师审定检定实况,主要列举了奉天、湖北、贵州、福建四省中学教员检定情况；最后客观分析了民国时期中学教师检定制度的历史局限性。第四章介绍民国时期中学教师培训进修制度。首先从历史角度分析了民国时期加强中学师资培训进修的必要性；其次阐述了民国时期中学教师培训制度的主要内容；最后重点介绍了民国时期中学师资培训进修的实施情况和取得的成效,客观分析了影响中学教师培训效果的原因。第五章介绍民国时期中学教师薪给待遇制度。一是从历史发展的顺序介绍了民国时期中学教师薪给制度演变情况；二是通过比较分析,剖析民国时期中学教师待遇实况；三是从政治、经济、教育等不同层面分析影响民国中学教师待遇的因素。第六章介绍民国时期中学教师养老抚恤制度。一是梳理了民国时期中学教师养老退休制度的逐步完善过程及其内容；二是梳理了民国时期中学教师抚恤制度条例的逐步完善过程及其内容；三是对民国时期中学教师退休抚恤制度实况进行了分析,一方面阐述了教师退休抚恤制度的具体实施情况,另一方面剖析了民国中学教师退休抚恤制度落实不到位的原因。余论按照新制度经济学中的制度变迁理论具体分析民国时期中学教师管理制度的生成特点,剖析了民国时期中学教师管理制度失范原因。提出当今社会需要通过健全教师管理制度来加强教师队伍建设,分别从健全教师管理制度的价值标准、主要内容和举措建议三个方面进行了总结性论述。更多还原

【Abstract】 Education is closely related to each of us and thus has great impacts upon both the society and the individuals. As the bridge between elementary education and higher education, secondary education in Republic of China, with its teachers in the leading place, has once played a key role in saving the nation and made great contributions to Republic of China in its transformation, with the unique way of development, formation and actual operation. As far as the political changes, economic developments and social reforms are concerned, the dissertation with management institutions as a major clue, aims to present the situation of teachers including their progress, income, daily life, etc.Based on a thorough literature review, the research on management of secondary school teachers in Republic of China proceeds chronologically and logically from admission, employment and then retirement with a general-specific-general array in the whole dissertation in which relevant problems are highlighted. Accordingly, the item revolves around five problems, respectively covering contents of policies, operations and causes of failure. The management institution concerned in each chapter follow the line of evolution which unites both the historical order and the logical order.The dissertation is meant to trace chronologically the changes and contents of governmental institutions upon middle school teachers in Republic of China mainly from five aspects so as to present the actual operation of different systems and then objectively reveal the causes of certain failures. The emphasis is put on the variety of impacts of management institutions on team building and education with different contents and requirements in different periods. Institutional changes theory of new institutional economics is employed to analyze the ways they take shape which can be reduced to path dependence and path innovation, natural evolution and reasonable construction, mandatory transformation and inductive transformation. The failure of management institution is due to either the lack or the inefficiency of norms, which originally result from the absence of a powerful and authoritative system. Thus, there is no guarantee for the education fee to be reasonably granted and the continual of wars lead to disorder of management institutions and administrative systems.With management institution of middle school teachers in Republic of China as the object, this dissertation is an effort to unfold the ups and downs in the development. The institutions in the whole period are mapped out and analyzed both theoretically and practically to provide a further understanding of education in modern times and shed lights on education at present. Therefore, in addition to the introduction, the dissertation is composed of seven parts.Introduction focuses on the causes of the topic, significance and methodology of this research. Relevant concepts are defined, literature review provided and overall outline of the paper presented. It is also pointed out that the management institution of middle school teachers in Republic of China basically consists of employment systems, qualification systems, training systems, salary and treatment systems as well as pension systems.Chapter1is a general survey of middle school teachers in Republic of China, including their social source, composition and employment polices. The introduction to its composition is detailed in terms of educational background, gender and age distribution and faculty make-up. Since the following five chapters have a specific focus on the individual contents of the management institution, this chapter merely serves as a premise and outline.Chapter2focuses on the management institution of employment. On one hand, qualifications for the teachers are discussed involving relevant rules, actual operation and cases of failure. On the other hand, employment institutions in that period are also illustrated from the above-mentioned aspects.Chapter3centers on the institution of examination, the historical forces of which are first of all analyzed with rules concerning and features outstanding. Afterwards, the practice of examination in different provinces is introduced with Fengtian, Hubei, Guizhou and Fujian as the typical examples. Finally, the historical limits in the institution of examination are objectively analyzed.Chapter4is concerned about the institution of training and further study. The necessity of training teachers in Republic of China is historically touched and then the contents are introduced. It is greatly emphasized how they are put into operation and what they finally achieve. Meanwhile, the leading factors which affect the operation are also discerned.Chapter5outlines the institution of salary and incomes. First, the historical evolution of the institutions is traced; second, the actual situation of the teachers’income is verified; at last, the political, economic and educational factors which are influential are respectively discussed.Chapter6revolves around the institution of pension. After a systematic survey of how it gradually develops and what it actually covers, together with a survey of improvement in specific regulations, the focus is primarily on the operation and causes of failure in operation as well.The final part is a conclusion in which the failure of institution of management is further analyzed with features of make-up on the basis of institutional changes theory of new institutional economics. It is accordingly proposed with possible solutions that at present it is desirable to improve the management institution in terms of standard of values and major contents so as to make the teachers more competent.更多还原