【作者】 许迎春；

【导师】 李世平；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业与农村社会发展， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 由于中国的现行征收制度形成于计划经济时代,它沿袭了计划经济时期以牺牲农业为工业提供原始积累的传统经济发展思路,这一思路与新中国成立初期实行的重工业优先发展战略有关,对于保证国家获得必需的非农产业建设用地、降低建设成本,起到了积极作用。然而,当计划经济体制转变为市场经济体制,以促进农业、农村地区的经济发展和实现城乡一体化成为当前最主要的任务之时,这种土地征收制度已经暴露出严重的不适应性。尽管我国对土地征收制度进行了多方面的改进和完善,但是仍存在许多问题。相比较而言,美国的财产征收制度已有两百多年历史,其在长期的司法实践中积累的法治经验是人类优秀文明的共同成果,值得学习和借鉴。因此,通过研究和辨析中美两国土地征收制度的异同,并加以借鉴和参考,对于改进和完善中国的土地征收制度具有特殊的现实和实践意义。本文主要采取历史分析的方法,对中美土地征收制度进行历史性比较考察,回溯梳理不同历史时期征收制度的流变,剖析其嬗变缘由和发展规律,以此进一步探求未来中国土地征收制度的演进方向和发展趋势。由于法学是一门实践性很强的学科,主要应用于解决现实生活中的问题,因而法律研究不能永远只停留在理论基础和法律原则的孤立探寻上,它更需要贴合具体的社会情境,以拟定具体的实施规则,而实践性较强的土地征收制度的确立更应如此。所以本文侧重于通过对中美土地征收制度中关于公共利益的界定,征收补偿的原则、标准、范围、方式和对象,征收程序的主导模式、程序类型、告知程序、公共利益认定程序、听证程序、协议购买程序和补偿形成程序,以及征收的救济机制等问题的微观比较,去探寻我国的土地征收制度存在的主要问题,并进行简要的原因分析,以更好的完善我国的土地征收制度。在上述比较研究的基础上,本文还就中国土地征收制度的发展和完善提出一些具体的对策和建议。由于土地制度是土地征收制度的基础,但目前我国土地征收制度中的公共利益泛化、偏低的补偿原则与土地补偿款的分配纠纷都和我国的土地制度有着千丝万缕的联系,因此,我国的土地征收制度地完善,首先应当改革集体土地所有制度。我国集体土地所有制度改革可以分以下两个方面进行。第一,对土地产权制度进行创新。我国可以效仿英国的土地模式,采取虚化所有权,强化使用权的方式,使村集体享有名义上的所有权,让农民享有对土地的实际所有权。第二,实行集体建设用地入市。这将有利于缩小征地范围,促进征地制度改革。在土地征收制度自身的改革中,首先,我国应该制定统一的土地征收法。而在征收立法时应采取尊重私人财产权、确立平等对待原则,采用市场经济配置土地资源和兼顾公共利益与私人利益有机统一的立法指导思想。同时在征收立法的基本原则上应遵循依法行政、比例原则和权力制约原则。第二,在公共利益的界定上,应该采取对公共利益的实体界定和程序界定相结合的界定模式。第三,在土地征收补偿制度的改革中,我国应当改革财政体制并以开征物业税的方式,来减轻地方政府的财政压力。同时还要实行公正的补偿原则,拓宽补偿范围、确立多元化的补偿标准和实行货币补偿的准则。第四,在征收程序的改革中,我国应该采用立法征收模式,增设紧急征收程序,完善告知程序,建立独立的征地调查程序,增加公共利益目的认定程序,健全听证程序,增加协商购买程序以及建立补偿金市场评估程序。第五,在土地征收权利救济机制上,我国应该构建三个层次加一个补充的权利救济体系,即调解位于第一层次,行政裁决和行政复议为第二层次,诉讼位于第三层次,信访作为补充的权利救济机制。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the current system of land expropriation was originated from the era of planned economy in China, which followed the ideology of the traditional economic development about primitive accumulation at the expense of agriculture industries in the era of the planned economy, the ideology is related with the priority of heavy industry development strategy in the early days of New China, in order to ensure State to obtain the necessary land for the construction of non-agricultural industries, lower construction costs, which has played a positive role. However, when the planned economy was transformed into market economy, a period in which the main tasks of the central authority were to promote economic development of agriculture and rural areas and to achieve urban-rural integration, the advancement of the system of land expropriation has been seriously lagged. Although our system of land expropriation has been improved to some extent, there are still many problems. In comparison,the US system of land expropriation has a history of more than 200 years,and has greatly facilitated the country’s industrialization,urbanization,and modernization of its rural areas. America’s experiences in its long judicial practices are also applicable to other nations. They can serve as particularly useful and important reference to China, which is experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization,and therefore is in urgent needs to perfect its legal system on takings in order to promote social harmony. This thesis studies US system of land expropriation,in order to find the defects of the system of land expropriation in China. Based on the experiences of land expropriation from the United States’s mature market economy institution and framework of rule of law,China will find that the US experience might be of much relevance in China’s effort to reform the current land system in the direction of a true market system.The thesis analyzes the land expropriation system of the different historical period, evaluates reasons of the changes and the law of development, explores the evolution of the direction and projects trend of land expropriation system in China in the future. The thesis also utilizes the method of microcosmic comparison. Law is a practical subject, iaiming at practical problems of life, therefore, it should not be suffocated in the theoretical canons but be engaged in a manner of appropriate maneuverability when due for implementation. Given above fundamental features of practical land expropriation system , this thesis focuses on the comparison of the definition of the public interests, the principle, stantards, scope, means, and objects of compensation, the dominating model and types of land expropriation procedures, specific procedures of notifications, public interest verification, hearing, purchasing and compensation procedure as well as the relief mechanism of land expropriation system between China and the United States, in order to find shortcomings of land expropriation system of China.In the comparative study mentioned above, this thesis puts forwards some concrete measures and suggestionsto perfect the system of land expropriation in China. For four reasons: 1) the land system is the foundation of land expropriation system, 2) public interest is broad, 3) the compensation principle is low and 4) the distribution of compensation is disputed , which are closely related with the land system at present, our country should reform the system of collective land ownership. First, the system of land property rights should be innovated. Our country could follow the British land system, we should gradually extenuate the ownership rights, consolidate land-use rights, letting the collective village enjoy the nominal ownership, and farmers to have the actual ownership, in the form of use-rights, eventually. Second, let the collective construction land freely enter the land market without unnecessary government interventions. This could narrow the scope of land expropriation and promote the reformation of expropriation system.As far as the system of land expropriation is concerned, several things should be done. First, our country should enact unified law of land expropriation, where the legislative guidelines should respect private property rights and establish the equal treatment principle. Meanwhile, the market should be relied to allocate land resources while the balance between public interest and private interests should be taken into account. The legislative principle should follow the principle of responsible administration, the principle of proportionality and the principle of limited power. Second, we should take the mode of substantial law and procedural law, in order to define the public interest. Third, we should reform the financial system and collect the property tax, so as to reduce financial pressure of the local government. We also should take the fair principle of compensation, broaden the scope of compensation, establish diversified standards of compensation and take the principle of the monetary compensation, in order to reform the system of compensation. Fourth, in order to reform the land expropriation procedures, our country should adopt the legislative model, add emergency procedure, improve notifying procedure, establish the independent surveying procedure, add a confirmation process of public interests, improve hearing procedure, establish the procedures of negotiating purchases and the procedure of the market assessment. Fifth, our country should establish the system of three levels and a complement about right relief, the mediation is located in the first level, the administrative adjudication and administrative review is located in the second level, the litigation is located in the third level, and the complaint is a supplement, so as to perfect rights relief mechanism of land expropriation.更多还原