【作者】 刘明国；

【导师】 高连兴；

【作者基本信息】 沈阳农业大学 ， 农业机械化工程， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 花生是我国重要的油料和经济作物,在世界油料生产和国际贸易中仅次于大豆而居第二位。我国花生年种植面积达500万公顷,占世界花生种植面积的20%以上；年均总产量1438.5万吨,占世界花生总产的42%以上；年出口花生米(仁)、花生制品约70万吨,占世界贸易量的47%左右,位居全球第一无论国内还是国外、食用还是加工、甚至种植,花生都必须进行脱壳,可以说花生脱壳的加工量就是花生的总产量。花生脱壳是一个复杂的过程,受到花生壳和花生米的物理机械特性、花生品种及施加力的大小和方式等多种因素共同影响。传统的花生脱壳是手工剥壳,虽然效率低但不存在花生米损伤问题,但在大面积种植时,无法解决剥壳问题。花生脱壳机脱壳效率高,一般高出人工10-50倍。然而机脱无法像人手一样不出现花生米损伤,破碎率较高,且破碎的花生多数是饱满籽粒。破碎的花生米价格低,影响经济效益；损伤的花生米存有潜在的危害,由于缺少完整的衣皮保护,容易侵染致癌症毒素——花生黄曲霉毒菌。因此,研制高效低损的花生脱壳机成为花生脱壳机研制的重点。本研究内容隶属于国家自然科学基金资助项目“花生脱壳与机械损伤机理及低损脱壳机技术研究”的部分内容。论文主要研究内容与结论如下：(1)通过对国内外花生脱壳技术与脱壳装置的分析,首次提出了通过花生生物物理特性研究,利用花生疲劳脱壳试验原理,最后确定了立锥式脱壳机。(2)在对花生生物物理特性分析研究的基础上,统计分析了花生荚果及花生米的几何特征、尺寸分布、粒重和花生壳厚规律,并对各种基本物理参数与含水率之间的相关性进行了分析。结论为：随着含水率的增加,花生米三轴尺寸、三轴算术平均径、几何平均径均增大,且三轴算术平均径、几何平均径与含水率之间存在较好的线性相关；花生米在五种不同的含水率下,球度变化很小；任何含水率下,四粒红花生荚果粒重的平均值都大于花育23,而花育23花生米粒重的平均值大于四粒红。(3)利用三因素随机区组试验,以花生荚果的破壳力和花生米的破米力为试验指标,选取花生品种、放置方式、含水率三个因素,分别在LDS拉压试验机、冲击试验机上对花生荚果及花生米进行了压缩试验、冲击试验。试验结果表明：含水率、品种、放置方式对试验指标均有很大影响,含水率与试验指标的数学模型为正相关线性模型。以破壳能量及破米能量为试验指标,在疲劳试验台上对花生进行了疲劳试验。试验结果表明：含水率、品种对指标的影响也极显著。三种试验的综合比较分析表明：疲劳试验中花生米的破米能量与花生壳的破壳能量差值率最大。因此,采用疲劳脱壳原理可使花生脱壳的破损率降低。(4)通过对五水半含水率的两个品种的花生进行力学特性试验,找到了花生荚果的破裂特征及规律。研究结果表明：含水率对花生荚果破壳力、破壳变形量、破壳破坏能均有影响,不同品种、不同受压部位、不同加载速率的花生破壳力不同。对五水平含水率的两个品种的花生米进行力学特性试验,找到了花生米的破碎特征及规律。研究结果表明：含水率对花生米破米力、破碎变形量、破米破坏能均有影响,不同品种、不同受压部位、不同加载速率的花生米破米力不同。(5)对脱壳后的花生米进行损伤分类,对花生米的碎裂过程进行分析,对不同损伤程度的花生米进行发芽实验,找寻不同损伤程度花生米的发芽及生长情况。(6)利用疲劳脱壳原理,设计研制了立锥式花生脱壳机的结构与脱壳原理,并对立锥式花生脱壳机与卧式双滚筒花生脱壳机进行了受力分析比较,得出了立锥式花生脱壳机原理的可行性。(7)通过对新研制的立锥式花生脱壳机与卧式双滚筒花生脱壳机的花生脱壳受力分析,得出卧式花生脱壳机主要靠打板打击脱壳,这是造成花生米损伤的主要原因；立锥式花生脱壳机脱壳时对花生荚果的作用力由起初的打击作用占主导转变为挤搓作用占主导,利用疲劳脱壳原理,降低了花生米的损伤率。(8)为了研究该花生脱壳机,通过花生脱壳性能试验与结果分析,建立了立锥式花生脱壳机性能参数——滚筒倾角、脱壳间隙、滚筒转速与脱壳性能指标之间的回归数学模型,并对各性能参数之间的交互作用以及各参数对脱壳指标的影响程度进行了深入的分析。(9)通过对立锥式花生脱壳机的主要性能参数——滚筒倾角、花生品种、滚筒转速、脱壳间隙进行正交试验,得出了立锥式花生脱壳机各性能参数与试验指标的关系,并得出了影响试验指标各参数显著性水平及主次顺序,最终得出了该装置的最优参数组合。本文的研究结果显示：立锥式花生脱壳机优于卧式双滚筒花生脱壳机。本文对花生脱壳机的设计具有实际的指导意义。同时,也为今后花生脱壳机械的设计和研制提供了进一步的科学指导与理论依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 In our country peanut is an important oil and cash crops,and it is the second place after soybean in the world oil production and international trade.China’s peanut acreage was 500 million hectares,which is more than 20% in the world’s peanut acreage;peanut’s average annual output is 14.385 million tons,which is more than 42% in the world’s peanut production;annual export peanuts(kernels)、peanut products are about 70 million tons,which is 47% in the world trade and is the frist in the world.Whether domestic or foreign, consumption or processing, or even planting, peanuts must be shelled.In other words,the processing capacity of peanut shelling is the peanut total.Shelling peanut and damaging peanut kernels is a complex process, which is restricted by many factors, such as physics characteristics, mechanical characteristics, variety, the degree and way of compressive stress.The traditional way to shell peanuts is by hand, although the way shelling peanuts by hand is in low efficiency, but this method can keep peanuts off damage, by the way this way can’t work as large area to growing peanuts. The efficiency of peanuts huller is ten to fifteen times than that way. However peanuts huller can’t keep peanuts off damage as that hand do, it damages peanuts on a high efficiency and the damaged peanuts is almost plump seed. Broken peanuts makes low price and harmful effect. Without the protect of shuck, it is easy to infect cancer toxins——peanuts’aflatoxin. the potential harm is made by broken peanuts. So the focal point is to invent a peanuts huller that can shell efficiently and damage peanuts few.Textual research content belongs to content of item "Research on Shelling-Damage Mechanism and Low-loss Shelling Technology of Peanut" (code:50775151) which is granted by national natural science fund.The major contents and conclusions of the paper are as follow:(1) Analyzing the peanut shelling theory and the shelling device’s technology, in order to offer a theory evidence for manufacturing a new peanut shelling machine. First proposed by biophysical characteristics and the fatigue shelling principle of peanut. Finally determined the vertical cone sheller design.(2)Based on the analysis of biological characteristics of peanut, geometrical character, dimensional distributing, kilo-grain-weight and shell thickness were measured, and the relationship between some basic physical parameter and moisture content were analyzed, results indicated that triaxial size, arithmetic mean diameter, and geometric mean diameter were all increased with the increase of moisture content, and arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter and moisture content all have influence; the sphericity has little changed with different moisture content; the peanuts’average weight of Silihong is the larger than Huayu23’, but the peanuts kernels’average weight of Huayu23 is the larger than Silihong’(3) Mechanical properties of peanut was analyzed with three factors random class treat experiment which chose variety, placed manner, moisture content as experimental factors, and the largest breaking force for peanut and peanut’seed as experimental index, and result indicated that variety、placed manner, moisture content all have influence. the breaking force will increase with the increase of moisture content; the shelling energy and the seed’s breaking energy was the fatigue experiment was measured, and results indicated that variety、moisture content all have influence. Compare of all experiments showed that:the margin rate of peanut’s breaking force and seed’s breaking force is the greatest. Therefore the fatigue way is a better choice.(4)Mechanical properties of two varieties peanut under five different moisture content was done, for seeking the damage characteristics and the law of peanut. Results showed that moisture content has influence with breaking power, breaking deformation, and breaking energy, the breaking power were different under different varieties of peanut, different load-speeds and different compression positions; mechanical properties of two varieties peanut kernels under five different moisture content was done, for seeking the damage characteristics and the law of peanut kernels. Results showed that moisture content has influence with breaking power, breaking deformation, and breaking energy, the breaking power were different under different varieties of peanut kernels, different load-speeds and different compression positions;(5)After shelling the peanuts were selected according to the damage.The peanuts fragmentation process was analysed.The germination test of different degrees damage peanuts was did to find the germination and growth situation of different degrees damage peanuts.(6)Using fatigue shelling principle, design and development the total structure and shelling principle of vertical roller cone peanut sheller. And compared stress analysis of the vertical tapered roller peanut sheller and the horizontal peanut sheller. Obtained the feasibility of peanut shelling principle of the vertical roller cone.(7)On the peanuts shelling stress analysis of double-roller pneumatic circulating peanut sheller and a newly developed vertical tapered roller peanut sheller, the result showed that the horizontal peanut sheller working by beating a plate was the reason for the peanut damage; When the vertical peanut sheller was working, the force on peanuts was changed from the hiting into the squeezing rub, the injury rate of peanuts was reduced by the fatigue shelling principle,(8) In order to further study the peanut sheller, through the peanuts performance tests and results analysis, the regression model of the performance parameters of the vertical tapered roller peanut sheller-roller obliquity, shells gap, roller’s speed, and shelling performance index was established. The interaction of the performance parameters and various parameters on the influence of shelling indicators were in-depth analysised.(9) Through the main performance parameters of the vertical tapered roller peanut sheller-roller obliquity, peanut species, roller’s speed, shells gap were experimented the orthogonal test, and the result obtained the relationship between the performance parameters and the test index of the vertical tapered roller peanut sheller and the significance level and primary and secondary order of the affecting test index parameters were obtained. Finally get The optimum parameter combination of the deviceThis paper study showed that the developed vertical tapered roller peanut sheller was better than the double-roller pneumatic circulating peanut sheller. This paper has actual guiding significance for designing the peanut sheller, and further scientific guidance and theoretical basis were afford for researching the peanuts machinery.更多还原