【作者】 朱波；

【导师】 张奎良；

【作者基本信息】 黑龙江大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 生态学马克思主义是马克思主义新的表现形式,它产生于二十世纪六、七十年代,它的出现既有深刻的理论背景,也有现实的历史原因。生态学马克思主义全面分析了资本主义生态危机的成因,对资本主义引发的生态问题进行了深刻的批判,并对克服资本主义生态危机的途径进行了有益的探索。生态学马克思主义的发展大致经历了:初步形成时期、体系化时期以及多元发展时期三个阶段。高兹作为生态学马克思主义的重要代表人物之一,他的生态理论对生态学马克思主义的发展产生了重大的影响。根据他对资本主义生态危机的根源和实现生态社会主义等问题认识的不断深化,把他的生态学马克思主义划分为:理论形成期、理论发展期和理论成熟期三个阶段。高兹的生态学马克思主义对资本主义生态危机的批判,最为激进、深刻、系统和全面。由于他对未来生态社会主义提出了许多天才大胆的设想,所以他的生态学马克思主义具有浓厚的乌托邦色彩。他还坚决反对技术中性论,主张技术决定论,认为科学技术是一切问题的母体和终极原因,他坚决反对核技术,认为核技术是“傻子的圈套”和“愚人的陷阱”,核技术具有极大的欺骗性和危险性,并容易导致“技术法西斯主义”,日本福岛的核事故,再次印证了他的理论预见。他又认为传统的无产阶级革命理论已经过时,马克思意义上的无产阶级已经消亡,未来实现生态社会主义的革命主体只能是“非工人——非阶级”。他的生态学马克思主义具有鲜明的时代特点。高兹的生态学马克思主义主要受到了萨特、马克思、舒马赫、阿尔文·托夫勒、伊万·伊利奇等人思想的影响。作为萨特的弟子和追随者,他全面继承了萨特的存在主义哲学的思想和方法,他的生态学马克思主义理论基本上可以看作是对萨特存在主义理论的具体运用和实践。马克思也对高兹产生了重大影响,他继承了马克思对资本主义的经济分析和阶级分析的理论方法,丰富和发展了马克思关于资本主义危机的理论、异化理论和社会主义的设想。但他对马克思的技术中性论和无产阶级革命理论持批判和否定的态度。他对资本主义科学技术的理论批判主要来源于马尔库塞和哈贝马斯的社会批判理论。他提倡的“小规模、分散化”的技术以及对资本主义医疗和教育批判的思想,主要是受到了舒马赫、阿尔文·托夫勒和伊万·伊利奇等人思想的影响。高兹从生态学的视角,对当今资本主义社会所面临的环境问题和生态问题进行了全面的分析和批判。高兹认为政治学应该与生态学相结合,提出了政治生态学的思想。高兹对资本主义生态危机的根源进行了深刻的理论批判。他认为,经济理性取得了绝对的统治地位,忽视了体现人的主体价值的生态理性,是造成当今资本主义世界生态危机的最根本的原因。由于追求利润是经济理性的唯一目的,利润动机和生态保护相矛盾,这样就产生了资本主义的生态危机。经济理性统治的范围不断扩大,把社会的所有方面都纳入到其控制之下,这样就造成资本主义社会的全面异化,异化是经济理性的具体表现形式,也是经济理性实现的手段和必然导致的结果。他又认为资本主义人与人、人与自然、人与社会的异化,进一步加重了资本主义的生态危机。要把人类从资本主义的生态危机中解救出来,必须对资本主义社会的政治、经济、劳动、科技、消费、教育、医疗和交通等所有方面进行激进的批判和否定。在对资本主义进行激进的批判和否定的同时,他还对生态社会主义提出了许多具体的设想。高兹认为,在资本主义社会条件下,不可能消除生态危机,更不可能真正地保护生态环境,只有生态社会主义才能最终解决资本主义的生态问题。高兹还认为传统的苏联模式的社会主义,奉行的也是经济理性,因此不是真正的社会主义,也不可能从根本上解决生态问题。要实现生态社会主义,必须用生态理性取代经济理性,对人们的理性观念、劳动、生活、消费、科学技术、教育和交通等进行全方面的社会主义改造,进行社会主义的生态重建,以此来消除资本主义的异化,实现人的自由和解放,实现人与自然的和谐发展,最终解决资本主义的生态问题。高兹的生态学马克思主义为我们分析我国生态问题的根源,建设生态文明,提供了重要的理论借鉴和参考。他的生态学马克思主义理论,具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Ecology-Marxism is a kind of new form of expression of Marxism. It was put forward in the sixties to the seventies of the 20th century. Its appearance has a deep theoretical background and realistic historical reason. Ecology-Marxism has analyzed the cause of the capitalist ecological crisis in an all-round way, it has carried on the deep criticism on the capitalistic ecological problems and has carried on beneficial exploration to the route to overcome capitalist ecological crisis. The development of Ecology-Marxism has been roughly gone through three stages, the beginning period, systematic period and multi-dimensional development period.As one of the important representative of ecology Marxism, Gorz’ecological theory has taken a great part on the development of ecology-Marxism. According to his analysis of the origin of capitalist ecological crisis, he more profoundly understood those questions such as ecological socialism. He divided his ecology-Marxism into three stages. They were the period of formation, the period of development and the period of maturity. The criticism which Gorz’ecology Marxism was directed against the capitalist eco-crisis was the most radical, deep, systematic and overall. Because he put forward many genius and bold proposals of the future ecological socialism, his ecology Marxism had strong Utopia color. He still firmly objected to the neutral view of technology, advocated technological determinism, thought science and technology was mother’s body of all questions and ultimate reason. He firmly objected to the nuclear technology, and thought the nuclear technology was“the fool’s snare”and“the fool’s trap”. He thought the nuclear technology was greatly deceived and dangerous, and apt to cause“techno-fascism”. The nuclear accident in Fukushima of Japan confirmed his theory again. He thought again that traditional revolutionary theory of proletariat had been already out of date, the traditional proletariat had already withered away, the revolutionary body of realizing ecological socialism in the future can only be“non worker - -non class”. His ecology Marxism had a distinct characteristics of times.Gorz’ecology Marxism now mainly accepted the ideas of Satre, Marx, Schumach, Alvin Toffler, Iwan Illich. As the Sutter’s disciple and follower, he has inherited the Sutter existentialism philosophy thought and the method, his ecology Marxism theory basically may be regarded as the concrete utilization and practice of Sutter’s existentialism theory. Marx has also had the major impact on Gorz, he has inherited Marx to the capitalism economic analysis and the class analysis theory method, enriched and has developed Marx about the capitalism crisis’s theory, the dissimilation theory and the socialism tentative plan. But he holds the attitude criticized and denied to Marx’s neutral theory of technology and proletariat’s revolutionary theory. His criticism on capitalism science and technology mainly stem from Marcuse and Habermas He recommends " small-scale, decentralized " Technology and the thought on capitalist medical treatments and education mainly accepted from Schumacher’s idea.Gorz thought that the politics should unify with the ecology, proposed the political ecology thought. Gorz has carried on the profound theory critique to the capitalism ecological crisis’s root. He believed that the economical rationality has obtained the absolute dominant status, neglected has manifested person’s main body value ecology rationality, creates now the capitalism world ecological crisis’s most basic reason. Because the pursue profit is the economical rational only goal, profit motive and ecological protection contradictory, has like this had the capitalism ecological crisis. The economical rational rule’s scope expands unceasingly, integrates society’s all aspects to its control, like this creates capitalist society’s comprehensive disassimilation, the disassimilation is the economic reason concrete manifestation form, the result which is also the economical rationality realizes the method which and causes inevitably. He thought that the capitalism person and the person, the person and the nature, the person and society’s disassimilation, further aggravated the capitalism ecological crisis. Must rescue the humanity from the capitalism ecological crisis, must to capitalist society’s politics, the economy, the work, the science and technology, the expense, the education, the medical service and the transportation and so on all aspects carries on the radical critique and the denial. While carries on the radical critique and denial to the capitalism, he also made many concrete tentative plans to the ecology socialism. Gorz believed that under the capitalist society condition, is impossible to eliminate the ecological crisis, is more impossible to protect the ecological environment truly, only then ecology socialism can solve the capitalism ecology problem finally. Gorz also thought that traditional Soviet Model’s socialism, carries out is also the economical rationality, therefore is not true socialism, is also impossible fundamentally to solve the ecology problem. Must realize the ecology socialism, must use the ecology rationality substitution economical rationality, to people’s rational idea, the work, the life, the expense, the science and technology, the education and the transportation and so on carries on the entire aspect the socialist transformation, carries on the socialism the ecology reconstruction, eliminates the capitalism by the disassimilation, realizes person’s freedom and the liberation, realizes the human and the natural accord development, solves the capitalism ecology problem finally. Gorz’s ecology Marxism analyzes our country ecology question for us the root, the construction ecology civilization, provided the important theory to use for reference and to refer. His ecology Marxism theory, has the important theory value and the practical significance.From an ecological perspective, Gorz comprehensively analyses and criticize the environmental problems and ecological problems in today’s capitalism. Gorz thought that the politics should unify with the ecology, proposed the political ecology thought. Gorz has carried on the profound theory critique to the capitalism ecological crisis’s root. He believed that the economical rationality has obtained the absolute dominant status, neglects of ecology rationality of a person’s main body value, now creates the ecological crisis’s most basic reason in capitalism world. Because the pursuit of profits is the only goal of economical rationality, profit motive and ecological protection is contradictory, and this lead to the capitalism ecological crisis. The economical rational rule’s scope expands unceasingly, integrates society’s all aspects to its control, and creates capitalist society’s comprehensive dissimilation. The dissimilation is the economical rational concrete manifestation form, the result which is also the economical rationality , which causes inevitably. He thought that in capitalism, person to person, person to nature, person to society’s dissimilation, further aggravated the capitalism ecological crisis. If we want to rescue the humanity from the capitalism ecological crisis, we must deny and criticize capitalist society’s politics, the economy, the work, the science and technology, the expense, the education, the medical service and the transportation and so on.While carrying on the radical critique and denial to the capitalism, he also made many concrete tentative plans to the ecology socialism. Gorz believed that under the capitalist society condition, it is impossible to eliminate the ecological crisis, is less possible to protect the ecological environment truly, only then ecology socialism can finally solve the capitalism ecology problem. Gorz also thought that traditional Soviet Model’s socialism, carries out the economical rationality, therefore is not true socialism, is also impossible fundamentally to solve the ecology problem. We must realize the ecology socialism, and use the ecology rationality substitute economical rationality, to people’s rational idea, the work, the life, the expense, the science and technology, the education and the transportation and so on carries on the entire aspect the socialist transformation, carries on the socialism the ecology reconstruction, eliminates the capitalism by the dissimilation, realizes person’s freedom and the liberation, realizes the human and the natural accord development, solves the capitalism ecology problem finally.Gorz’ ecology Marxism analyzes the roots of our country ecology question, providing the important theory for the construction of ecology civilization. His ecology Marxism theory has the important theory value and the practical significance.更多还原