【作者】 李敬巍；

【导师】 刘鸿鹤；

【作者基本信息】 大连理工大学 ， 思想政治教育， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 启蒙运动与浪漫主义是西方近代史上相继发生的两大思想文化运动。二者在反抗封建专制及天主教会的腐败与专制方面是志同道合的,然而浪漫主义同时又是对于启蒙主义运动之大资产阶级属性和“理性至上”主义的反思与批判。在这个意义上,卢梭既是启蒙思想家,又是浪漫主义的先驱。当以伏尔泰为首的启蒙学者们都在为科技理性与现代文明高唱凯歌时,卢梭已经敏锐地觉察到了现代文明社会的弊端,并在对之深刻反思与批判的基础上提出了重塑内外两个世界的政治构想。卢梭以“自然状态”为逻辑起点,得出了“自然状态”下的自然人享有人类原初的自由与平等的结论。以此作为参照,卢梭首先对文明社会的外在与内在的双重弊端进行了揭示与批判。他指出,现代文明社会的演进既造成了不平等的产生与加剧,又导致了人性的异化、道德的沦丧和心灵的迷失,而启蒙运动的理性至上主义又加深了这一危机。启蒙学者过分夸大了理性的作用,却忽略了情感才是信仰的泉源,因此卢梭主张建立基于道德、情感与自由之上的“公民宗教”。对自由的向往是卢梭批判文明社会弊端的原动力。而要实现人的自由,就要消除人世间内在与外在的、即经济的和精神、心灵上的两种依附,所以他寻求人类社会中内在与外在两个世界的重建。公意(the general will)是卢梭政治哲学的一个关键性的概念。公意是体现了全体人民根本利益的共同意愿,而法律是公意的制度化体现,一个民主与法制的社会必定是公意至上的社会。自由与公意二者的关系不是截然对立的,而是辩证的。而内在世界的重建即是要由政府通过教育在人民中培植仁爱与正义的美德,使每一个新型公民的身上都体现着权利与责任和义务的统一,自爱与对他人的热爱融汇在每一个人的心灵中。卢梭政治哲学的根本目的是要建立一种社会机制来解决个人与社会之间的矛盾,来构建一种既有人与人之间的真诚合作,又能使每个人的个人意愿得到实现的自由、平等、正义、和谐的理想社会。卢梭的政治思想在西方近现代思想史上产生了深远的影响,这一点首先体现在对启蒙思想和现代性弱点与局限的深刻的批判上,因此他被誉为浪漫主义之父。他的思想还深刻影响了康德、黑格尔以及马克思等伟大的思想家,并成为法国大革命、美国资产阶级革命及中国旧民主主义革命的先导和旗帜。卢梭的远见卓识,对于我们今天实现人类文明合理的健康发展、对于我们建设公平正义的、民主与法治的社会主义社会亦具有重要的借鉴意义。需要指出的是,卢梭作为小资产阶级的代表人物,其政治思想不可避免的带有其时代与阶级的局限。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Enlightenment and Romanticism are two major movements in western modern history. The two movements share the common goal in fighting against feudal autarchy and the corruption and autarchy of the Catholic Church. Romanticism is a reflection and criticism to the big bourgeoisie nature and Rationality First of the Enlightenment. In this sense, Rousseau is an enlightenment thinker and a forerunner of Romanticism as well.While the other torchbearers led by Voltaire were singing the song of triumph for rationalism and modern civilization, Rousseau had sensitively foreseen the social problems accompanied by modern civilization and put forward the idea of rebuilding the inner and outer worlds. Using Natural State as his logical starting point, Rousseau comes to the conclusion that the Natural enjoy the primitive freedom and equality. Based on this theory, Rousseau exposes and criticizes the internal and external problems of the civilized world. He points out that the development of the modern civilized world not only causes and accelerates inequality, but also results in human alienation, moral depravity and the loss of soul. The crisis is deepened by the Rationality First theory. The Enlightenment scholars exaggerate the function of rationality and overlook the source of belief --- emotion. Therefore, Rousseau proposed to establish citizen’s religion based upon morality, emotion and freedom.The longing for freedom is the driving force for Rousseau’s criticism of the civilized world. The realization of freedom requires for the elimination of the inner and outer attachment, i. e. the attachment of economy with spirit and soul. Accordingly, he seeks to rebuild the inner and outer worlds. The general will is a key concept in Rousseau’s political philosophy. The general will is the common will which represents the fundamental interest of the general public and law embodies the general will. A democratic society governed by law must be a society which values the general will most. The relationship between freedom and the general will is dialectic but not contradictory. In order to rebuild the inner world, government needs to cultivate love and justice among its people through education. Every new citizen is an embodiment of rights and responsibility. All new citizens love themselves and others from the bottom of their hearts. The ultimate goal of Rousseau’s philosophy is to solve problems between individual and society, to construct a sincere cooperation among people and finally to realize individual’s will in a free, equal, fair and harmonious society.Rousseau’s political thought has the most profound effect on western modern political thoughts. Rousseau first makes a deep and profound criticism about the Enlightenment, its weaknesses and limitations. As a result of this, he is regarded as the father of Romanticism. His political thought also has great influence on Kant, Hegel, Marx and the other great thinkers. And it becomes theoretical guide for the French Revolution, the American Revolution and the Old Democratic Revolution in China. Rousseau’s vision and wisdom is of great importance for us to develop human civilization in a reasonable and healthy way and to construct an equal, just, democratic society ruled by law. However, as a representative of the petty bourgeoisie, his political thoughts have certain times and class limitations.更多还原