【作者】 纪月清；

【导师】 钟甫宁；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 改革开放以后,随着农民非农就业机会的增加和收入水平的提高,农业劳动成本开始上升,农民在农业生产中逐渐减少了劳动人数和劳动时间的投入。为了减小农村劳动力转移对农业生产和农产品供应可能产生的负面影响,也为了提升农业生产的物质装备水平,中国政府一直鼓励发展农业机械制造业,鼓励农户购买和使用农业机械。2004年中央1号文件明确提出对农民、农机服务组织购买农业机械给予一定补助,此后几年国家更是不断扩大农机购置补贴的资金规模和实施范围。国家的农机行业发展政策和农机购置补贴政策的实施效果(经济效率)取决于农户对农机的需求及其变化趋势,市场需求大、且未来市场需求会进一步扩大的农机品种应该成为公共政策支持的重点。那么,在农村劳动力非农就业持续扩大的背景下,农户对农业机械的需求是否增加?相对来说,对哪种类型农业机械的需求增加更多,是适合向市场提供服务的大中型农业机械还是适合农户自用的小型农业机械?在对不同公共政策进行选择时,除了考虑经济效率外,还应当考虑社会公平。那么,农机支持政策是否会使农村低收入者受益?相对来说,支持哪种类型的农业机械更有利于低收入的小农,是大中型农业机械还是小型农业机械?围绕这些问题本文对农户农机服务利用行为和农机服务来源选择行为进行了理论分析和实证考察,并对不同收入组农户农机服务利用及来源选择情况进行了实证测度。本文主要研究内容和相关结论如下：研究内容一：农户农机服务投入行为及劳动力非农就业在其中的影响。本部分内容的研究目标是确定非农就业对农户农机服务需求的影响,以期预测未来农机总需求的变化。本研究利用安徽农户调查数据对影响农户农机服务投入的因素进行了实证分析。研究结果表明,在农户层次上,农户农机服务使用量主要受耕地面积、地块数、村农机服务市场价格、家庭劳动力数以及劳动力非农就业时间等因素的影响。劳动力非农就业时间对农户农机服务投入量影响为正,说明随着农村劳动力非农就业机会的增加,农户的农机需求也将增加。研究内容二：农户农机服务来源选择行为及劳动力非农就业在其中的影响。本部分内容的研究目标是确定非农就业对农户农机服务来源选择行为的影响,以期预测大中型农机和小型衣机相对需求的变化。本部分研究结果表明,农户获取农机服务是倾向于依赖市场上的大中型衣机还是倾向于依赖家庭用小型农机主要受村农机服务价格、家庭青壮年男性劳动力数、青壮年男性劳动力的非农就业时间、是否接受过农机培训、耕地面积以及农业决策者年龄等因素的影响。研究发现当青壮年男性劳动力非农就业时间增加时农户将更倾向于依赖农机服务市场而非持有小型农机。因此,随着农民兼业化程度的加深,农业“老龄化”、“女性化”的凸显,家庭用小型农机需求将相对减少、适合向市场提供服务的大中型农机需求将相对增加。研究内容三：不同收入组农户农机服务利用及来源情况。本部分内容的研究目标是考察农机服务在不同收入组衣户间的分配情况,以此评价农机支持政策潜在的收入分配效应。研究结果表明,农机服务在不同收入组农户间的分配比现有收入分配更平均。但是,低收入组农户使用的衣机服务量较少。因此,增加农机补贴可以减小收入分配差距,但是其效果不如按照人头进行补贴的情形。大中型衣机服务在不同收入组衣户间的分配比小型农机服务分配更平均；收入最低的20%农户使用了16.7%的大中型农机服务,而只使用了6.8%小型农机服务。在低收入小农主要依赖农机服务市场的情况下,支持发展大中型农机、降低农机服务市场价格的政策更有利于缩小农户间的收入差距。综合三方面研究内容得出以下结论：随着农村劳动力非农就业机会的增加,农户对农业机械的总需求增加；且增加的主要是大中型衣机的需求；并且低收入农户更多地依赖大中型农机提供的服务。因此,从满足农户需求和有利于低收入者角度来看,本文的研究结论支持发展大中型农机的政策。本研究在理论上的一个有意义的发现是：在存在农机服务市场的情况下,农户农机投资(持有)行为和农机服务利用行为并不一致；农户层次上非农就业与农机需求的正向关系可以和非农就业与农机(持有)投资的负向关系并存。在存在农机服务市场的情况下,低收入的小规模农户反而更多地使用大中型农业机械提供的服务。更多还原

【Abstract】 After the reform and opening up, labor cost in agriculture rises as farmer’s non-farm work opportunities and income increase and agriculture labor input decreases gradually. In order to reduce the negative effects of labor input decreasing on agriculture production and to enhance the level of agriculture mechanization, Chinese Government has been encouraging the development of agricultural machinery manufacturing industry and been encouraging farmers to purchase and use agricultural machinery.2004 Central Document No.1 clearly stated to subsidize farmers and organizations to purchase agricultural machinery and in the following years government has been expanding subsidies funds and the scope of subsidies.The effects of government supporting policy on agricultural machinery depends on farmer’s demand and the change of the demand. The economic theory tells us government supporting policy should focus on the industry and commodity which has large and expanding market demand. So as rural labor’s non-farm work opportunities increase, will farmer’s demand for agricultural machinery increase? The demand for what type of agricultural machinery increase more, the large-sized and medium-sized machinery suitable for providing service to the market or the small-sized machinery suitable for farmer’s own ues? When it comes to policy choice in addition to the efficiency aspact the equity aspact should be considered. So supporting what type of agricultural machinery benefits the low-income farmers more, the large-sized and medium-sized machinery or the small-sized machinery? To answer these questions this paper theoretically and empirically stdudies the effects of non-farm work on farmer’s machinery service utilization behavior and service source selection behavior, this paper also measures the amount of different source of machinery service used by different income groups. This paper’s contents and the related conclusions are as follows: Content 1:farmer’s agricultural machinery service utilization behavior and the effects of non-farm work.The objective of this section is to examine the effects of non-farm work on farmer’s demand for machinery service, in order to predict future agricultural machinery demand. The empirical study based on Anhui rural households survey data shows that at the farmer level the area of arable land, the mumber of land plots, market price of machinery service, the number of family labors and the time of non-farm work are statistically significant. The time of non-farm work has a positive effect. This indicates that as no-farm work increases farmer’s demand for agricultural machinery will rise in the future.Content 2:farmer’s source selection behavior of agricultural machinery service and the effects of non-farm work.The objective of this section is to examine the impact of non-farm work on farmers machinery service source selection, in order to predict the relative demand for large-sized machinery and small-sized machinery in the future. A binomial probit model is applied to study farmers’decision to purchase small-sized machinery. The empirical study shows that land scale, the number of young male labors, no-farm employment of young male labors, household wealth, market price of agricultural machinery service, and training are statistically significant at the farmer level. The result indicates that as no-farm work increases farmer will prefer purchasing machinery service from market to purchasing small-scale machinery, the demand for small-sized machinery will decline and the demand for large-sized and medium-sized machinery will increase relatively.Content 3:the amount of machinery service utilized by different income groups.The goal of this section is to measure the distribution of machinery service among different income level farmers, thus to evaluate income distribution effects of machinery supporting policy. The results show that the distribution of machinery service is more equity than the distribution of income. However the low-income group of farmers uses less machinery service. Therefore, increasing machinery subsidies will reduce the income gap, but it would be better if we distribute the subsidies according to number of people. The distribution of market service is more equity than the distribution of the service provided by family-owned small-sized machinery. The 20% of the lowest income households utililize 16.7% of market machinery service but utililize only 6.8% of the small-sized machinery service. In this circumstance, supporting the large-sized machinery and reducing the prices of market service will narrow the income gap more.According above results this paper recommends that government should support large-sized agricultural machinery rather than small-sized machinery.The interesting discoveries of this paper are as follows:Farmer’s machinery service utilization behavior is different from machinery investment as the machinery service market exists. The positive relationship between non-farm work and machinery demand and the negative relationship between non-farm work and machinery investment are both right at the farmer level. As the machinery service market exists, the low-income small-scale farmers utililize relatively more service provided by large-sized and medium-sized machinery.更多还原