【作者】 赵晗；

【导师】 张创新；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 行政管理， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 随着新公共管理和新公共服务理论在全世界传播,新的公共管理行政范式替代传统官僚制已成为各国政府进行改革的主导方案选择,在新的管理理论和范式中,政府回应成为核心价值,西方发达国家在充分发展的公民社会基础上,以强化政府回应的手段和程序为内容的行政改革都初步取得了成功,获得了公众的认可和支持,对推进政府和公众合作的共同治理起到了实质性的促进作用。在我国,为了适应市场经济的构建,我国的政府管理从模式和职能都进行了全方位的重塑,传统计划经济的全能政府模式被有限政府模式所取代,国家向社会不断放权,政府也放松对社会的管制,传统的统治型行政管理日益向管理服务型行政管理转变,在党的十七大上,我国又提出了建设服务型政府的新目标,政府回应作为提高政府服务质量和改善服务标准的重要手段开始在我国日益得到重视,成为我国政府自身的理性选择。同时,随着经济的发展和政治环境的日益宽松,我国公民个体的权利意识和参与意识逐渐形成和发展,参与公共政策的制定和公共事务的管理,维护自身权益和公共利益成为大部分公民的自发选择。与些同时,互联网技术的发展使得公民参与(非正式参与)政治生活的渠道变得触手可及,从实质上拓宽了民众表述利益诉求,监督政府的渠道,这大大地刺激了网民日趋高涨参政议政的热情。面对这种新情况,政府必须改革现有的行政管理模式,加强和创新政府回应机制来回应与日聚增的政治诉求。另外我国近些年由于社会转型导致的危机事件和突出群体事件不断成上升趋势,地方政府成为面对这些事件的第一主体和责任者,如何处理危机和突发事件,加强危机中的回应机制,化解危机、维护稳定成为地方政府的主要工作和中心任务,2010年中央政府为了应对转型期出现的种种社会问题,提出要不断进行社会管理创新,良好的政府回应和有效的政府回应机制可以促进国家和社会的良好互动,因此,在理论上对政府回应机制进行研究并提供一个有效的回应机制模式,对地方政府实现有效治理具有迫切的现实意义。目前许多地方政府还因袭计划经济时代的行政管理体制。政府职能范围过大,职能界定不清,规章制度过多,服务监管和制度建设方面欠缺,公共伦理价值缺失;缺少有效的绩效指标和绩效评估标准,效率低下。政治系统中,形式化的选举机制,上级主导的官员任命体系,抑制了公民政治参与政治和官员为公众服务的积极性。政府靠行政命令行事,并对社会进行控制,从未想到要征询公众的意见。民众的正当的利益无法通过正常渠道表达,以致造成人民与政府某些地方的极端对立。随着市场经济的发展和体制改革的不断深入,对政府转型的呼越来越高。不仅要求政府为公众提供必要的公共服务,还要求政府增强回应能力,因为政府要为公众提供高效的公共服务,必须首先了解公众的需求和意见,政府提供公共服务的种类、数量和质量都必须符合公众的具体要求。所以,强化政府回应是政府提供高效对路的公共服务的保证。基于上述所论,本文以回应机制的构建为研究主题。探讨科学、完整、有效回应机制的要素构成、类型层次、流程设计、功能定位、价值取向、制约机制,在审视和检讨现有地方政府回应机制的缺陷和困境的基础上,着眼于构建一个以民主行政、法治行政、共同治理、前瞻导向为基本理念,适应服务型政府的民主治理型回应机制,本文以系统论的环境——输入——转换输出——反馈模型作为政府回应机制研究视角和分析框架,探讨和分析了中国现有政府回应机制在回应主体、回应渠道(舆论、媒介)、回应反馈等要素的结构失衡的表现和原因,并以此模式来完善、构建新的回应机制。传统回应机制的环境背景表现为政府管理阶段的过渡性、管理工具和意识的滞后性、体制惯性导致的回应效果的有限性,回应机制总体呈现出管制型的特征,回应的弊端和困境都由此而生。合作治理型和前瞻性回应机制在此特定国情之下只能作为未来水到渠成之选择,对我国地方政府而言,重塑的理性选择方案只能是民主服务型回应机制,主动、及时、有效、互动是其鲜明体现。本文的主要创新之处在于:将人民主权和民主行政理论作为回应机制的基本理论贯穿全文,系统地考察和研究了我国政府回应机制基本内涵,从多维角度分析回应机制应具有的民意的合理性价值,并对我国现阶段地方政府回应机制建设的现状和困境的原因作了全面的解析,系统地论述了回应机制缺乏和无效对政府管理的公共性、权威性、合法性等方面形成的挑战,探寻政府回应机制在未来中国中所应遵循的价值和原则,并致力于推动形成建立在政府和社会良性互动基础上的完整的回应流程。这对于政府端正对回应的态度、有效利用电子政府平台和各种新兴媒体渠道来提高政府的回应效果、积极规范和引导政府回应走向科学化、制度化、常规化的轨道,都具有重要的现实指导意义;也弥补了学界在政府回应机制研究中的某些不足,为政府回应机制的构建和实施做出初步探索,具有一定的理论参考价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the new public management theory and new public services spread around the world,the new paradigm of public management and administration instead of the traditional bureaucratic system has become the leading governments to reform the program options in the new management theory and paradigm.the Government’s response to a core value , the full development of the western countries on the basis of civil society to strengthen the Government’s response to the means and procedures for the content of the initial administrative reforms are successful, gained public recognition and support, to promote cooperation between the government and the public from the common governance to a substantial role in promoting, in our country, in order to build a market economy, China’s government from the patterns and functions of a full range of remodeling, the traditional planned economy, all-powerful government model is replaced by a limited model of government, the State to society continues to decentralization, the government relaxed controls on society, the traditional rule-based administration is increasingly service-oriented administration to management changes in the congress, our government has proposed building a new service-oriented government targets, the government response as to improve government service levels and an important means of improving services in China began increasing attention, and has become the government’s own rational choice. Meanwhile, with the economic development and the increasingly liberal political environment, the rights of our citizens awareness and participation of the individual consciousness gradually formed and developed, in public policy and public affairs and protect its interests and public interests become most citizens spontaneous choice. And on the same time, Internet technology enables citizens to participate (informal participation) become the channel of political life at your fingertips, in essence, to broaden the public expressed interest demands, monitoring the government channel, which greatly stimulated the rise of Internet users become increasingly political participation government’s enthusiasm. Faced this new situation, the Government must reform the current administration and the strengthening and innovative mechanisms to respond to to growing political aspirations. Also in recent years ,due to social changes, our country’s crisis and the groups events continue to increase, the local government the main must face these events and take responsibilities, how to handle crises and emergencies, to strengthen crisis response mechanisms, to defuse the crisis and maintain stability as the main work of local government and the central task of the central government in 2010 in response to transition emerging social problems, proposed to continue to carry out social management innovation, good government and effective response mechanism to promote to interact between the Government and society, because studying the the Government’s response mechanism and provide an effective response mechanism modelin theory will help the local government to achieve good governanceMany Chinese local governments inherited the planned economy era administrative system. Large range of government functions, functions are not clearly defined , rules and regulations too, regulatory and institutional construction services, lack of public lack of ethical values; lack of effective performance indicators and performance evaluation criteria, and inefficient. Political system, the formal electoral mechanism, the higher the appointment system led officials to curb political participation of citizens and officials of political enthusiasm for the public service. The above is a significant feature of this system, that is, in the traditional bureaucratic form of public line, "the government to act by executive order, and social control, never thought to consult the public." In this treatment mode, the legitimate interests of the people can not be expressed through normal channels, resulting in some parts of the people and Government of polar opposites. With the development of market economy and the deepening of reform, the call for increasing government transformation. Require not only government provide the public with necessary public services, but also asked the Government to enhance the response capacity, because the Government to provide the public with efficient public services, you must first understand the needs and views of the public, the types of public services, quantity and quality must be the public’s specific requirements. Therefore, to strengthen the Government’s response to the government to provide efficient public services to ensure the right path. Meanwhile, the government transition process, the government should not only make a direct response to public demand , to provide targeted public services. Moreover , the Government’s obligation to the community to provide adequate public services and distribution in an equitable manner to all citizens. This requires sophisticated system of government designed to develop a response to strong public policy.Basic theory of the above, this paper in response to a study on the construction of the mechanism. Explore the scientific, complete and effective response mechanism of the elements of composition, type of level, process design, function, value orientation, control mechanism, to examine and review the existing government in response to the plight of the mechanism of the defect and on the basis of focusing on building a democratic executive, administrative law , corporate governance , the basic concept of forward-oriented , service-oriented government to adapt to democratic governance based response mechanism, the paper on the environment the system - input - switching output - feedback model as a mechanism of government to respond to perspectives and analysis framework, a discussion and analysis of China’s existing response mechanisms in response to the main government response channels (public, media), respond to feedback and other elements of the structural imbalance of the performance and causes, and this mode to improve, build a new response mechanisms. Response mechanism of the environmental background of traditional performance management phase of the transitional government , management tools and awareness of the lag , institutional inertia effects caused by the limited nature of response, overall response mechanism showing the characteristics of the control-oriented response to the shortcomings and difficulties by This was born. Co-governance-and forward-looking response mechanism under the conditions in this particular matter of course only as to the choice of the end of our local government, the remodeling of the rational choice program can only be democratic service-oriented response mechanisms, active, timely, and effective , interaction is the distinctive expression.The main innovation of this paper is: the theory of popular sovereignty and democratic administration as a response mechanism of the basic theory throughout the text, a systematic investigation and study the mechanism of our government to respond to the basic content, from the multi-dimensional analysis of response mechanism should have a reasonable opinion value, and the mechanism of China’s current construction of the local government to respond to the plight of the reasons for the current situation and made a comprehensive analysis, a systematic exposition of the lack of response mechanisms and ineffective management of the public nature of government, authority, legitimacy and other aspects of the challenges to explore the Government’s response mechanism in China’s future to be followed by the values and principles, and is committed to promote the formation based on the interaction of government and society on the basis of a complete response process. This is correct for the government’s attitude to the response, the effective use of e-government platform and a variety of new media channels to enhance the Government’s response effect, actively regulate and guide the Government’s response to scientific, systematic, routine track, have important practical guidance; also make up the academic research in the Government’s response to certain deficiencies in the mechanism for the Government’s response to the construction and implementation of mechanisms to make a preliminary exploration of the theory has a certain reference value.更多还原