【作者】 林敏；

【导师】 李南；

【作者基本信息】 南京航空航天大学 ， 管理科学与工程， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 当今世界正经历着经济上的巨大转折,从20世纪70年代开始,发达国家开始进入以信息技术为代表的高新技术迅猛发展的时期。这个时期知识管理日益成为企业管理的主题,知识的作用日益显著。知识,作为蕴涵在人和技术中的重要成分,向来都是经济发展的核心。但是,只是到了近些年,正如知识的重要性在增长一样,人们对于知识重要性的认识才进一步深化。我国的经济建设正在一日千里地迅速发展,人们对知识的渴求和有效地运用,并进一步进行创新的需求越来越迫切。创新的本质是新知识的创造,探索知识是如何通过知识型员工之间的知识交流活动实现新知识的创造和转移是非常重要的一个课题。对知识转移问题的研究主要包括组织间的知识转移和组织内的知识转移,而组织间的知识转移是学者们长期关注的焦点。随着研究的进一步深入,学者们逐渐认识到,知识转移是通过知识接收者与知识传授者之间的交流互动实现的,而组织间的知识转移也在很大程度上来自于人与人之间的互动,特别是内隐性比较高的知识。对组织内知识型员工知识转移的研究具有重要的基础地位,还会影响到组织间的知识转移。正是意识到这一点,近年来越来越多的学者将研究视角转向组织内部。学者们探讨了组织内部知识转移的各种影响因素,并提出了相应的知识转移的方法、途径和管理措施等。可以说在这一方面取得了较为丰硕的成果。然而,研究者们也面临着困惑:组织如何通过员工的知识互动实现组织整体知识资本的积累,关键影响因素是如何作用于组织内知识转移,对知识转移问题的研究不能脱离对人的行为的研究,但员工的哪些行为特点是研究组织内知识转移时应当考虑的。本文以研发团队为研究对象,结合上述几个问题,对研发团队知识转移的微观过程进行研究。本研究的工作和取得的创新成果主要体现在以下五个方面:(1)本文研究了由研发人员的知识发送/接收关系构成的知识交流网络,分析并证明了该团队研发人员的知识交流网络具有的小世界特性,即较大的集聚系数和较短的交流路径。同时,对中航集团某企业研发团队的知识交流活动进行调研,运用社会网络分析方法,对作为交流主体的个体在交流网络中的点度中心性、中介中心性以及交流网络的派系特征进行了深入研究。调研与研究结论不仅可以为团队知识交流微观过程模拟研究提供实践依据,而且对我国企业的知识管理实践具有借鉴意义。(2)在分析团队知识交流的结构以及行为特征的基础上,本论文提出了衡量知识交流成效的交流充分度指标和交流平等度指标,并且探讨了知识交流对象选择机制对知识交流成效的影响。借助小世界网络模型对知识交流过程进行仿真模拟,通过对结果的分析和比较研究,本文发现就高选择机制是促进组织知识交流的积极因素,而普遍接受的工龄选择机制反而会导致扎堆现象的出现,极大程度上妨碍组织的知识交流。本研究的成果可以为建立高效率的团队知识交流网络提供可靠的理论依据。(3)人员流动是现阶段企业中普遍存在的现象。研发人员的流动性对团队知识交流的结构和行为的影响已经成为重要的问题。在这种背景下,本论文对研发团队知识交流成效对关键知识员工离职的稳健性进行了研究。通过建立研发团队知识交流的Watts-Strogatz网络模型,研究了在四种知识交流对象选择偏好下,关键知识员工离职对团队的知识增长率、知识交流充分度及知识交流相关度的影响问题。研究结果表明:关键知识员工离职影响团队知识交流成效,影响程度因对象选择偏好不同而不同;“就高选择”条件下,知识交流成效的稳健性最好。(4)本论文研究了网络结构对团队知识交流的作用。对无标度网络、小世界网络、规则网络和随机网络这四种典型网络上的知识交流过程进行了模拟,并分析了结果。通过计算三个指标来度量知识交流的效果:知识增长速度V﹑知识水平差异系数C和Moran系数。经过比较研究发现,对团队知识交流活动而言,无标度网络具有明显的结构特性优势,能够提升团队成员知识交流成效。(5)以演化博弈理论为基础,提出了随机动态稀释机制,并探讨了该机制对复杂网络上演化博弈的影响。对无标度网络、小世界网络和规则网络这三种典型网络上的博弈过程进行了模拟,并分析了结果。通过同质性网络与异质性网络上合作行为的比较研究,发现随机动态稀释机制能使同质性网络产生局部异质性,从而促进合作。并且当稀释概率达到p*时,会出现最佳合作行为。此外,本文还研究了空间演化博弈受无序环境的影响问题。研究结果表明,合作行为会发生从多集团稳定状态到空间混沌态的转变。通过仿真模拟,确定了转变点并分析了转变点附近的性质。更多还原

【Abstract】 The world today is under great economic transition. From 1970s, developed countries started to enter the rapid development period in high-tech as represented by information technology. Knowledge management is the theme of business management. An important feature of this period is the growing role of knowledge. Knowledge as an important part of people and technology has always been the core of economic development. But it was only in recent years that people have further deepened their awareness of the importance of knowledge. China’s economic construction is under rapid development, people have pressing need for innovation and want to use knowledge in an effective way.The study of knowledge transfer includes inter-organizational knowledge transfer and knowledge transfer within the organization, while the inter-organizational knowledge transfer has long been the focus of scholars. With further in-depth research, scholars have come to realize that knowledge transfer is through the interaction between knowledge provider and knowledge recipient. Meanwhile, inter-organizational knowledge transfer is also through people’s interaction, especially the tacit knowledge. Research on knowledge transfer between knowledge workers within the organization is a foundamental work, it affects the inter-organizational knowledge transfer. It is aware of this that an increasing number of scholars shift their research view to knowledge transfer within the organization. Schoalrs have explored factors that affect knowledge transfer and raised methods and ways to manage knowledge. It can be said that researchers have obtained fruitful foundings in this field. Still, many problems need to be solved. Such that, how knowledge is accumulated through interaction, how key factors affect intra-organizational knowledge transfer, which kind of human behavior should be taken into account when we study knowledge transfer. Taking R&D teams as our research object and considering the features of knowledge exchange, the thesis focus on the micro-process of problem-solving based knowledge exchange.(1)The thesis proves the small-world characteristics of knowledge exchange network which has large clustering coefficient and short path length by taking knowledge exchange network among R&D members in Uniquma as our research object. Uniquma is a R&D department in the United Kingdom. Also, a certain R&D team in China’s aviation industry is investigated. By applying social network analysis, we analyze the degree centrality, betweeness of knowledge exchange network and the cliques in real R&D teams. Research results provide not only the practical basis for the simulation of micro-process of knowledge exchange, but also a referential significance for the knowledge management practice in enterprises.(2)By analyzing the behavior of knowledge exchange in teams, the thesis proposes sufficiency index and equity index to measure knowledge exchange and explores the effect of partner selection mechanism. The process of knowledge exchange on small-world network is simulated. Results show that the mechanism of selecting neighbours who have higher knowledge level can promote knowledge exchange, on the other hand, selecting neighbours who have more work experiences results in clustering effect and impede knowledge exchange in organizations. Research results can provide theoretical foundation for establishing high-effective knowledge exchange network in teams.(3)At present, the flow of employers is a popular phenomenon in enterprises and its effect on knowledge exchange in teams has become an significant problem. On this background, this thesis studies the robustness of knowledge exchange performance in R&D teams under the turnover of key employees. By establishing the Watts-Strogatz network model of knowledge exchange in teams, the thesis investigate how the turnover of key employees affects the growth rate of knowledge as well as the adequacy and the equity of knowledge exchange under the four preference of partner selection. Results show that the affection of key employees’turnover on the performance of team’s knowledge exchange depends on selection preference. Professional neighbor selection is most favorable for knowledge exchange.(4)This thesis investigates how network structure affects knowledge exchange in teams. After simulating the dynamics of knowledge exchange on four representative networks, namely, scale-free network、small-world network、regular network and random network, we analyze the simulation results. By calculate the growth rate、the variation coefficient and the Moran coefficient of knowledge level, we found that scale-free network structure improves the performance of organization’s knowledge exchange.(5)In this thesis, we considered the prisoner’s dilemma game on complex network with dynamical link dilution. By investigating the game on three representative networks, namely scale-free network, small-world network and regular network, we found that the introduced dynamical process provides homogenous network with local heterogeneity, which promoted the cooperation level for prisoner’s dilemma game on homogenous structured population.Moreover, the best cooperative behavior is obtained at p*.更多还原