【作者】 李秀英；

【导师】 汪榕培；

【作者基本信息】 大连理工大学 ， 计算机应用技术， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 中国历史典籍英译是中国传统文化走向世界的重要途径之一。其英译的难点主要包含两个方面：一是其中大量的术语的英译方式,二是整个文本的翻译风格的把握。本文挖掘了中国历史典籍如《史记》、《汉书》、《左传》、《战国策》等百余年来英译与研究的数据,为中国历史典籍英译的实证研究以及构建中国历史典籍英译平行语料库奠定了重要基础。这对于面向古汉语的自然语言处理、典籍英译研究和中国历史研究都具有重要意义。本文以《史记》英译为主线,较深入地分析了从20世纪中期开始到现在,美国两个大型的《史记》英译工程,Burton Watson和William H. Nienhauser, Jr.英译《史记》的差异性及各自的地位和价值。1961年由哥伦比亚大学出版社出版的Watson的《史记》节译本因其突出的文学成就成为世界文学经典译本,被列入联合国教科文组织的代表性著作选集：中国系列丛书,半个多世纪以来享誉汉学界,至今仍是英语国家中国研究专业学生的必读书。30多年后Nienhauser主导的《史记》全译工程以其秉承的西方传统汉学研究与翻译原则为标准,不断再现给读者一卷卷注释丰富、力图直译的、研究性的历史文献。本文以Nienhauser的《史记》译本为参照,对比分析了Watson的《史记》节译本在翻译风格上的特征及其动因,从而以实证的方式说明经典的英译也要受制于一定的社会历史文化语境、翻译工程的性质、翻译目的、译语中的翻译规范和诗学体系、译者个人的意识形态等因素。对Watson翻译观的形成过程的分析,也表明译者的翻译语言规范是在其社会化的过程中形成的。中国历史典籍英译是一种历史的建构。关于不同性质的译本的分析也说明,中国历史典籍双语平行语料库的语料来源对于基于语料库的知识获取结果会产生重要影响。本文对《史记》术语英译的特征做了较深入的分析,发现历史典籍术语英译存在多元对应的现象。这种现象形成的原因有：术语指称含义的动态性、术语本身存在近义词、术语用作称谓语、术语词性活用、术语译文存在近义词、术语概念在英语中空缺、译者的认知及翻译风格差异等。这些发现对自然语言处理中术语翻译对自动对齐的研究提出了挑战。本文以《史记》中的官称、谥号、机构等术语为例,结合其英译特征,如部分成分音译、译文多为2/3/4/5词的词组、词组中间常常使用连接词、官称英译中添加人名或用人名替代官称、原文术语干扰词的存在等,提出了共现频率与中心词扩展法、多策略相融合的术语翻译对对齐法等,就基于平行语料库的历史典籍术语英译对的对齐进行了实验。结果显示,前一种方法在含有音译的翻译对对齐中效果显著,而后者在含有音译的翻译对及普通名词性的术语翻译对对齐中取得的召回率和准确率都较突出,高于基本的互信息方法。鉴于部分中国历史典籍存在多个权威译本的情况,为了深入分析、研究其中的术语英译的方式、传递中国传统文化的有效性、在译语文化中的接受效果等,本文强调在构建中国历史典籍平行语料库时,应该分文本,分译本分别对应,然后在各个对齐的双语语料库中运行术语对齐的算法,以分别对齐各个翻译对。各翻译对在传递中国文化方面的充分性和在译语中的可接受性的程度的鉴定,还需要依据语文学意义上的研究和BNC和COCA等英语国家的大型英语语料库中的相关信息来确定。这些语料库中的词频统计结果有助于对这些术语译文在措辞上的文体风格进行分类,如日常的现代英语用词、古雅的用词、生僻的用词等。这可以为筹建中国历史典籍术语英译检索系统或知识库、编辑机读或面向人工译员的中国历史典籍术语双语词典奠定基础。本文的研究也发现,利用自然语言处理领域的术语对齐方法在实现历史典籍术语翻译对对齐方面还面临很多困难。同时,关于各译本依据的底本的对比研究也应该成为进一步深化该领域研究的一个重要层面。这在以后的研究中还需进一步深入探讨和分析。更多还原

【Abstract】 Translating Chinese historical classics into English is one of the most effective ways to promote the reception of traditional Chinese culture in the world. The major challenges that lie ahead include finding appropriate strategies to handle the numerous historical terms and to strike a balance between transferring the original culture adequately and maintaining an acceptable degree of readability in the translations.This paper presents a systematic survey about the English translations and studies of such monumental works as Shi Ji, Han Shu, Zuo Zhuan, Zhanguo Ce, etc., a basic but essential step for empirical translation studies on Chinese historical classics and bilingual parallel corpus construction in this field. It is also significant to classical Chinese-oriented natural language processing, translation studies on Chinese classics and ancient Chinese history research.Two authoritative translations of Shi Ji in America, Records of the Grand Historian by Burton Watson and The Grand Scribe’s Records by William H. Nienhauser, Jr., have been employed as case studies to explore the discrepancies on the textual, linguistic and stylistic levels as influenced by the manipulative factors behind a translation project within the framework of the manipulative school.Burton Watson’s translation, Records of the Grand Historian published by Columbia University Press in 1961, was well-known for its outstanding literary significance and achieved such a canonical status in world literary translation that it was accepted into the UNESCO Representative Works:Chinese Translation Series. It has remained popular ever since both as a reliable reference book about Han China studies and as an assigned textbook for undergraduate and graduate students majoring in China Studies at major universities of the English-speaking countries. About thirty years later, William H. Nienhauser, Jr. initiated a literally rendered, heavily annotated full English translation of Shi Ji, The Grand Scribe’s Records for China Studies specialists, following the Sinological research traditions and translation principles.6 volumes of such high quality scholarly version have been published.This paper takes Nienhauser’s version as the control data and examines the translation patterns of Watson’s version and the driving force behind his translation strategies. The results indicate that the translation of classics is also subject to the constraints enforced by a specific social, historical and cultural context, the nature and purpose of the translation project, the translation norms and poetic systems in the target language and culture, the translator’s ideologies, etc. The analysis of the evolving process of Watson’s translation critierion verifies the descriptive translation studies hypothesis that the acquisition and internalization of linguistic norms by a translator is materialized in the process of his/her socialization. It is proposed that translation of Chinese historical classics is a historical construct. The data analysis of the English translations of Shi Ji demonstrates that the nature of the translations is a significant factor for the data source differences in a parallel corpus and the discrepancies between different translations would have a strong impact on the knowledge acquisition results of natural language processing. An in-depth examination of the English translations of Chinese historical terms reveals that Chinese historical terms have multiple English equivalents. The following aspects have been identified as contributive factors: dynamics of term designations, synonymy of terms, general-noun terms being used as addressing terms, flexibility of terms’part-of-speech, synonymy of term translations, lack of equivalent term concepts in English, translator’s cognitive and translation style differences, etc. These findings exert a great challenge for parallel corpus-based automatic term translation pair alignment.The terms to be tackled for alignment in this paper cover official titles, posthumous titles, institutions, etc. in Shi Ji. By integrating the English translation patterns of these terms, such as partial transliteration,2/3/4/5-word phrase translations frequently connected with conjuntions like "of, "of the", "on", "in", replacement of titles with title-holders’names, insertion of title-holders’names, translation ambiguity generated by the intervening words of source terms, this paper proposes co-occurrence frequency and head-word extension approach, MI-based hybrid approach for term translation pair alignment. The experiment results show the first approach is effective in aligning partially transliterated term pairs while the latter performs well in aligning both the partially transliterated term pairs and the general noun term translation pairs.In view of the multiple authoritative English translations of Chinese canonized historical texts, this paper stresses that each version should be aligned with the source text independently so that different translation pairs might have a chance to be aligned automatically. Further validation and classification of the candidate translation pairs in terms of adequacy and acceptability might benefit from philological studies and the corresponding data generated from BNC and COCA. The frequency count data from these corpora might also help to define the translation styles of different term translations, such as everyday English wording or archaic and rare terms. All this is expected to lay a basic foundation for constructing a Chinese historical term translation pair retrieving system and a knowledge base as well as compiling a bilingual machine-readable or human-translator-oriented bilingual dictionary of Chinese historical terms.The research also shows aligning historical term translation pairs based on a parallel corpus of Chinese historical classics and their English translation is still a challenging task for natural language processing. Investigations about the potential influences of the base texts on term translation would also help to carry the research forward.更多还原