【作者】 文怀兴；

【导师】 章川波；

【作者基本信息】 陕西科技大学 ， 皮革化学与工程， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 皮革工业是国民经济的支柱产业之一,在为国家创造大量财富的同时,由于较为严重的环境污染已成为社会广泛关注的焦点,也是决定制革业能否持续发展的关键。因此,实现制革的清洁化生产,从源头解决污染问题迫在眉睫。本文利用真空机制的脱气、膨松、浸渍、脱水等作用,以提高在制品的吸收率、结合率为目标,探索了皮革真空清洁鞣制技术的新原理和新工艺。在所研制的实验型皮革真空转鼓的基础上,进行了皮革真空鞣制技术的试验研究,使鞣制过程的物理—化学氛围得以改善,加快了化学反应速度,减少了铬鞣污染。这对制革业清洁生产工艺的实施,促进制革业可持续发展具有重要意义。在多学科综合与交叉的基础上,研究了在真空环境下,皮组织内部结构的变化,化学药剂向皮内渗透的途径以及与皮结合的过程,影响渗透与结合的因素。利用实验型真空转鼓,分别进行平行对比试验,动鞣、静鞣实验,正交实验,对鞣制新工艺进行探索和参数优化；提高了鞣制工序中铬的利用率,增强铬与皮胶原的结合,减少了鞣制工艺操作时间。在三因素三水平正交试验中,分析了皮革真空铬鞣过程中的鞣制时间、铬粉用量、温度等因素对收缩温度、废液Cr2O3含量、皮内Cr2O3含量、Cr2O3吸收率的影响；得出鞣制时间对成革品质影响最大,其次为铬粉用量,温度影响最小。综合考虑收缩温度和Cr2O3的吸收率得到的最佳优化工艺为：鞣制时间310min,铬粉用量1.32%,温度40℃。以柿子栲胶为植鞣剂,进行了常压和真空皮革鞣制的对比试验,结果表明：常压下157小时可完成鞣制；真空环境下,17小时可完成鞣制,鞣剂全部渗透于皮料,收缩温度可达80℃,极大减少了鞣制时间,成革后外观接近黄色,粒面细腻,革身柔软。设计了废液循环利用的原理方案,进行了废液循环试验,将废铬液直接用于下次铬鞣,可循环使用5次以上,而且重现规律性稳定。降低了环境污染,为困扰制革业的污染问题提供了新的解决途径。依据真空下皮革鞣制对机械作用的要求和工艺需要,通过分析比较,确定了转鼓的总体设计方案及主要技术参数：工作室真空度2000-4000Pa,加热温度25℃-40℃可调,内筒转速5～30r/min可调。运用Pro/E软件进行零部件的三维建模,优化转鼓结构,提高了转鼓的工作性能。为制革设备的更新和功能的提升作出了贡献。本研究不仅适用于鞣制工序,而且对皮革整个湿加工工段都具有参考价值,有可能引发皮革加工原理和设备的一次重大变革,对减少制革环境污染具有重要意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The tannery industry is one of pillar industries in national economy, which brought not only massive wealth for our county, but also more and more attention as its serious environmental pollution. Environmental pollution has become the key to determine whether the leather industry can make a sustainable development. Therefore, it is imminent to realize the clean leather production and then solve the pollution from the source.This study, aiming at increasing the absorption rate and binding rate in the products, used the vacuum technique to degas, to bulk, to soak, to dehydrate and so on. A new principle and craft of clean vacuum leather tanning technology was explored. The leather vacuum rotor drum for experiment was developed, and then the experiments of vacuum leather tanning technology were carried on, which accelerated the chemical reaction speed and reduced the pollution of chrome tanning. It is very important for the implementation of cleaner production technology and the sustainable development in the tannery industry.Base on multi-disciplinary comprehensive and overlapping, the following points were studied under the environment of vacuum:the changes in the internal structure of leather, the way that chemicals penetrating inside the leather and combining with the leather, the factor that affecting the penetration and combination. Several experiment, like parallel comparative trial experiment, move tans experiment, calmly tans experiment and the orthogonal experiment, were carried on using experiment vacuum rotor, which explored the new craft, optimized parameter, increased the chromium availability during the banning process step, enhanced the union between chromium and dermomyotome and shorten the tanning process time.The three factors and three levels orthogonal experiments were carried on. In the process of leather vacuum tanning, the factor of tanning time, amount of chromium powder, temperature, which affected shrinkage temperature, Cr2O3 in liquid waste, Cr2O3 in leather and Cr2O3 absorption rate, was studied. The experiments shown the first factor that affected the quality of leather was tanning time, the second was amount of chromium powder, and the last was temperature. Considering the shrinkage temperature and the absorption rate of Cr2O3, the best optimal technology was specified:tanning time was 310min, chromium powder was 1.32%, temperature was 40℃Taking the persimmon tannin as plants tanning agents, the comparative trial were carried on in atmospheric and vacuum environment respectively. The results shown:under the vacuum environment, the tanning process took 17 hours, but 157 hours in atmospheric environment. The leather was permeated completely and the shrinkage temperature was 80℃. At the meantime, the tanning time was substantially reduced, the appearance of leather was close to yellow and exquisiting, and the body of leather was soft.The principle scheme on cycle utilization of waste liquid was designed and the waste liquid circulation test was carried on. The waste chrome liquid can be recycled 5 times or more. The regularity of reproduce was stable. The methods reduced the environmental pollution and provided a new way to solve the pollution that puzzling leather industry.Based on experimental study, and according to the demands of mechanical effect and craft under the vacuum the leather tans, through the analysis comparison, the design proposal for rotor drum structure and the main technical parameters was fixed:workshop vacuum 2000～4000 Pa, heating temperature 25℃-40℃, the inner cylinder speed 5～30r/min. The 3D-model was completed using the Pro/E software, which can realize optimization of rotor drum and enhance rotor drum’s working performance. It can make a great contribution for the updates and features improvement of tanning equipment.This study not only can be applied to the tanning process, but also has a reference value for the wet processing section of the leather. It may lead to a great change of the principle, equipment and the processing in tannery industry, and this has a very important meaning for the reduction of environmental pollution in tannery industry.更多还原