【作者】 程西永；

【导师】 崔党群；

【作者基本信息】 河南农业大学 ， 作物遗传育种， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 小麦种质资源是小麦品种改良的重要物质基础,种质资源遗传多样性的高低直接影响品种改良的效果。由于不同区域的自然环境、品种改良目标和人们对产品的要求等方面存较大差异,小麦在不同区域内经过长期演变形成了相对独特的遗传特点。研究不同区域间小麦种质资源的遗传特点和遗传差异,有针对性地从不同区域引进所需材料,是改良本区域小麦品种和拓宽本区域种质资源遗传基础的有效途径。不同时期的种质资源由于育种目标和创造变异方法的改变及定向选择的影响,种质资源的性状特点及遗传基础也会发生不同变化,探明影响种质资源遗传多样性的因素,有利于制定相应育种策略,并拓宽现有种质资源的遗传基础。本研究对中国、澳大利亚、俄罗斯、荷兰、墨西哥、智利及中国黄淮麦区不同年代种质资源的农艺性状、品质性状、高、低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的遗传特点及遗传变异进行了分析,并探讨了高、低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基对品质性状的效应及1BL/1RS易位对小麦品质性状的影响。主要研究结果如下。1不同区域小麦种质资源的主要性状具有明显差异。中国小麦的生育期短、植株低、粒重高、单株成穗数较少、旗叶较宽、穗子较小且不育小麦数多、面团形成时间和稳定时间短;澳大利亚小麦的生育期较短、植株较低、面团形成时间和稳定时间长、单株成穗数较少、旗叶窄、粒重和蛋白质含量低;俄罗斯小麦的生育期较长、植株高、穗粒数少、粒重低、单株成穗数多、旗叶窄、面团形成时间和稳定时间长;荷兰小麦的生育期较长、植株较低、单株成穗数多、面团形成时间和稳定时间较长、小穗数少、粒重偏低;墨西哥小麦的生育期短、粒数较多、粒重较高、面团形成时间和稳定时间较长、单株成穗数和小穗数少;智利小麦的生育期长、植株较高、叶面积大、穗大、成穗数较多、蛋白质和湿面筋含量高、面团形成时间和稳定时间较长单株穗数和小穗数多但粒重低。2不同区域种质资源的遗传基础及高、低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的等位变异数量、类型和各亚基出现的频率存在明显差异。6个国家种质资源的22个性状多样性指数平均值的大小顺序为:中国(1.968)>墨西哥(1.963)>俄罗斯(1.914) >智利(1.901)>澳大利亚(1.899)>荷兰(1.861)。聚类分析表明,区域间种质资源的遗传差异明显大于区域内种质资源的遗传差异。Glu-A1、Glu-B1、Glu-D1、Glu-A3和Glu-B3 5个变异位点上,中国种质资源分别有3、9、5、5和7种等位变异,主导亚基分别为1、7+8、2+12、GluA3a、GluA3d和GluB3j,对品质性状具有较大正向效应的1、14+15和7+8亚基出现的频率较高;澳大利亚小麦分别有3、7、3、5和6种等位变异,主导亚基分别为1、7+8、2+12、GluA3c和GluB3b,对品质性状具有较大正向效应的亚基1、17+18、7+8和GluB3b出现的频率较高;俄罗斯小麦分别有3、6、4、5和6种等位变异,主导亚基分别为1、7+9、5+10、GluA3f和GluB3g,对品质性状具有较大正向效应的5+10、GluA3f、GluB3b和GluB3g亚基出现的频率较高;荷兰小麦的5个变异位点上分别有3、7、2、5、6种等位变异,主导亚基分别为N、7+9、5+10、GluA3c和GluB3g,对品质性状具有较大正向效应的亚基5+10、GluA3f、GluB3f和GluB3g出现的频率较高;墨西哥小麦分别有3、6、4、5和6种等位变异,主导亚基分别为1、7+9、5+10、GluA3d和GluB3j,对品质性状具有较大正向效应的亚基1、5+10和GluB3f出现的频率较高;智利小麦分别有3、7、2、5和6种等位变异,主导亚基分别为N、1、17+18、2+12、GluA3d和GluB3g,对品质性状具有较大正向效应的亚基17+18、GluA3f和GluB3g出现的频率较高。3各位点上不同等位变异对品质性状的效应存在显著差异,对品质性具有较大正向效应的亚基分别为1、17+18、7+8、14+15、5+10、GluA3f、GluA3c、GluB3g、GluB3f和GluB3b,对品质性状正向效应较小的亚基分别为6+8、13+16、2.2+12、GluA3a和GluB3j。高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组合1、17+18、2+12,1、17+18、5+10和低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组合GluA3c、GluB3g,GluA3d、GluB3g和GluA3f、GluB3b对品质性状的正向效应显著优于其它亚基组合,而含有亚基组合N、14+15、2+12或GluA3b、GluB3j品种的品质性状明显偏差。高、低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组合为1、7+8、5+10、GluA3d、GluB3d,1、7+9、5+10、GluA3c、GluB3f,1、7+9、5+10、GluA3c、GluB3g,2~*、7+9、2+12、GluA3c、GluB3j,1、17+18、5+10、GluA3c、GluB3j品种的品质性状较优,而含有1、7+9、5+10、GluA3b、GluB3d,2~*、7+9、5+10、GluA3f、GluB3j,2~*、7+9、5+10、GluA3f、GluB3g亚基组合品种的品质性状较差。4 1BL/1RS易位显著降低了面筋含量和面团稳定时间。1BL/1RS易位和非1BL/1RS易位条件下各亚基对品质性状的相对效应发生了明显变化,相对而言,2~*亚基对蛋白质含量、17+18亚基对湿面筋含量、7+9亚基对湿面筋含量和面团形成时间、GluA3b亚基对面团稳定时间以及GluA3c和GluA3f亚基对品质性状的综合效应在1BL/1RS易位系中所起的作用大于非1BL/1RS易位系;而1亚基对面团稳定时间、GluA3b亚基对蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量在非1BL/1RS易位系所起的作用明显大于1BL/1RS易位系。总的来说,各亚基在非1BL/1RS易位系中对品质性状能发挥更大的正向效应。5中国黄淮麦区小麦种质资源随着品种改良的进展,旗叶宽、小穗数、不育小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、单穗粒重和单株粒重的平均值呈增加趋势,株高、倒一节长、旗叶长和单株成穗数的平均值呈降低趋势,生育期、旗叶面积、穗长、蛋白质含、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间和稳定时间呈先降低后增加趋势。农艺性状和品质性状的多样性指数及高、低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的等位变异数均呈波动性变化。在地方品种和蒲头的GluB-1位点,检测到一种新的连锁亚基20/8。更多还原

【Abstract】 Wheat genetic resources and the genetic diversity were the precondition for the wheat varieties improvement. The unique characterization of heredity was formed in different regions during long terms evolution with varied environments and varieties improved breeding objective and the requirement. Assessment the characterization of genetic diversity and introduction of wheat germplasm in different regions are the effective ways to widen the genetic diversity and improve the wheat traits. The effect of breeding objective and directional selection can change the traits of germplasm. Illustrating the factors which affect the genetic diversity will guide breeders to work out breeding schemes and increase the variance of germplasm.In this paper, we analysised the genetic character and variation of wheat germplasm originating from China, Australia, Russia, Netherlands, Mexico and Chile in different aspect including agronomic traits, quality traits, high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) content. The effect of subunit of HMW-GS and LMW-GS as well as the 1BL/1RS translocation lines to wheat quality were also discussed. The main results are as follows.1. There were obvious differences between wheat germplasms in different regions. The wheat accessions from China and Australia had the traits of short growth periods, reduced plant height and spikelet number per spike, increased grain weight and sterile spikelet number per spike, except that Chinese wheat had the wide flag leaf and short gluten stability time while Australia ones had the narrow flag leaf and long gluten stability time. The wheat germplasm from Russia had the traits of longer growth periods and higher plant height, increased spikelet number per spike, narrow flag leaves, decreased grain number per spike and grain weight and protein content, longer gluten stability time. The wheat accessions from Netherlands had the longer growth periods and increased spike number per plant and gluten stability time, decreased plant height as well as spikelet number per spike and grain weight. The wheat germplasm form Chile had the traits of longer growth periods, increased values in plant height, spike number per plant, leaf area, grain number, spikelet number, protein content and gluten content, flour stability time.2. There were significant differences between the numbers and types of subunits of HMW-GS and LMW-GS in different regions. The mean variant index of 22 traits from 6 countries was as follows: China (1.968) > Mexico (1.963) > Russia (1.914) > Chile (1.901)>Austria (1.899) >Netherlands (1.861). The cluster analysis indicated that the genetic diversity between regions was wide than within regions. The Chinese wheat germplasm had the 3, 9, 5, 5 and 7 alleles in Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1, Glu-A3 and Glu-B3 gene locus, respectively. The predominantly subunits were 1, 7+8, 2+12, GluA3a, GluA3d and GluB3j. The subunits 1, 14+15 and 7+8 had the higher frequency and the positive effect to quality traits. The Australia accessions had the 3, 7, 3, 5 and 6 alleles and the predominately subunits were 1, 7+8, 2+12, GluA3c and GluB3b. The subunits 1, 17+18, 7+8 and GluB3b had the higher frequency and positive effect to quality traits. The Russia accessions had the 3, 6, 4, 5 and 6 alleles and the predominately subunits were 1, 7+9, 5+10, GluA3f and GluB3g. The subunits5+10, GluA3f, GluB3b and GluB3g had the higher frequency and positive effect to quality traits. The Netherlands accessions had the 3, 7, 2, 5 and 6 alleles and the predominately subunits were N, 7+9, 5+10, GluA3c and GluB3g. The subunits 5+10, GluA3f, GluB3f and GluB3g had the higher frequency and positive effect to quality traits. The Mexico wheat germplasm had the 3, 6, 4, 5 and 6 alleles in Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1, Glu-A3 and Glu-B3 gene locus, respectively. The predominantly subunits were 1, 7+9, 5+10, GluA3d and GluB3j. The subunits 1, 5+10 and GluB3f had the higher frequency and the positive effect to quality traits. The Chile accessions had the 3, 7, 2, 5 and 6 alleles and the predominately subunits were N, 1, 17+18, 2+12, GluA3d and GluB3g .The subunits 17+18, GluA3f and GluB3g had the higher frequency and positive effect to quality traits.3. There were significant different in alleles on locus to quality traits. The major positive effect to quality traits were subunits 1, 17+18, 7+8, 14+15, 5+10, GluA3f, GluA3c, GluB3g, GluB3f and GluB3b, while the minor positive effect to quality traits were 6+8, 13+16, 2.2+12, GluA3a and GluB3j. HMW-GS combination of (1, 17+18, 2+12), (1, 17+18, 5+10) and LMW-GS combination of (GluA3c, GluB3g), (GluA3d, GluB3g), and (GluA3f, GluB3b) had the better positive effect to quality traits than others. The varieties with the subunits combinations of (N, 14+15, 2+12) or (GluA3b, GluB3j) had the bad quality traits. The accessions with the HMW-GS and LMW-GS subunits combinations of (1, 7+8, 5+10, 2+12, GluA3d ,GluB3d) or (1, 7+9, 5+10, GluA3c, GluB3f) or (1, 7+9, 5+10, GluA3c, GluB3g) or (2~*, 7+9, 2+12, GluA3c, GluB3j) or (1, 17+18, 5+10, GluA3c, GluB3j) had the better quality traits. While the accessions with the subunit combinations of (1, 7+9, 5+10, GluA3b, GluB3d) or (2~*, 7+9, 5+10, GluA3f, GluB3j) or (2~*, 7+9, 5+10, GluA3f, GluB3g) had the bad quality traits.4. The gluten content and dough stability time were significantly decreased in 1BL/1RS translocation lines. The subunit to quality traits was different obviously between 1BL/1RS translocation lines and non-translocation lines. Comparatively speaking, 2~* subunit has the positive effect to protein content in 1BL/1RS translocation lines compare to non-translocation line as well as 17+18 subunit to wet gluten content, 7+9 subunit to wet gluten content and dough stability time, GluA3b subunit to dough stability time, GluA3c and GluA3f subunits to quality. While subunit 1 has the negative effect to dough stability time in 1BL/1RS non-translocation lines comparing to 1BL/1RS translocation lines as well as GluA3b to protein content and wet gluten content. In general, the subunit had the positive effect to quality traits in 1BL/1RS non-translocation lines.5. Developing with the improved varieties, the wheat accessions from the Huanghuai Wheat Region of China had the characters of increasing tendency of flag leaves width, spikelet number per spike, sterile spikelet per spike, grain number, 1000–kernel weight, grain weight per spike and grain weight per plant. There had been significant decreases in plant height, the fist internode length, flag leaf length, spike number per plant. There had the decreasing-increasing tendency of growth periods days, flag leaf area, spike length, protein content, and wet gluten content. No tendency was detected on the traits of agronomic character, quality, disease resistant diversity index and allele number of subunit between HMW-GS and LMW-GS. A novel HMW-GS combination 20/8 was identified in GluB-1 of Chinese landrace Heputou.更多还原