【作者】 王洋；

【导师】 郭翔宇；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 发展现代农业是社会主义新农村建设的首要任务,是以科学发展观统领农村工作的必然要求。目前我国农业正处在由传统农业向现代农业转变的关键时期,面对发展中的市场经济和变化中的需求,我国农业面临缺乏竞争力、比较效益低下、基础脆弱、后劲不足等问题。由于农户生产经营规模小,生产标准化水平低,产品交易成本高,抵御市场风险和自然风险的能力较弱,小规模生产与大市场的矛盾极为突出。解决这些问题的根本出路在于建立新型农业社会化服务体系,只有这样才能把千家万户的分散经营变为千家万户相互联结、共同行动的合作生产、联合经营,实现小规模经营与大市场的有效对接,提高农业的整体效益和市场竞争力。加快建立新型农业社会化服务体系,是深化农村改革、推动农村社会主义市场经济发展的一项伟大事业,对于稳定和完善家庭承包经营制度、健全双层经营体制,促进农业现代化都具有极其重要而深远的意义。鉴于此,本研究以新型农业社会化服务体系的内涵与特征为切入点,采用实地考察与问卷调查相结合的方法、定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法、理论分析与政策研究相结合的方法以及比较研究法阐述了我国农业社会化服务供求现状,构建了新型农业社会化服务评价指标体系并进行了我国农业社会化服务发展的纵向比较与横向比较实证分析;深入剖析了影响新型农业社会化服务发展的关键因素,并设计了新型农业社会化服务体系总体框架及其运行机制;在借鉴国外农业社会化服务体系发展经验的基础上,提出了促进新型农业社会化服务体系不断完善的对策建议。为全面深入了解当前我国农业社会化服务的需求与供给基本情况,本研究重点在黑龙江、山东、陕西三个省份的32个县、41个乡镇、60个行政村展开针对农户的农业社会化服务问卷调查。调查数据覆盖了农户家庭基本生产生活情况、农业社会化服务满足农户需求情况、农户对现有农业社会化服务的满意度评价及自身需求取向等方面内容。建立了农户对农业社会化服务支付能力的扩展线性支出模型,运用层次分析法确定了新型农业社会化服务体系各评价指标的权重以及影响新型农业社会化服务体系发展各因素权重。研究结果表明:(1)综合发达国家与发展中国家农业社会化服务体系发展现状及其特征可以看出,农业社会化服务体系已经成为农业发展的重要推动力量,无论在发达国家还是在发展中国家,农业社会化服务水平都在不断提升,政府的主导作用没有变,农业合作组织已经成为农业社会化服务体系的重要力量,私人服务部门的服务也越来越广泛。综合国外农业社会化服务体系发展的做法,结合我国现有国情,我国应加强农业合作经济组织建设,鼓励企业等社会力量参与农业社会化服务,要重视发展农业科技、金融、信息等基础性服务,要加快发展针对农业产后的相关服务。(2)经调查,目前农户生产经营规模普遍较小,生产经营条件较差,对现有农业社会化服务普遍表示不太满意。农户对各种服务的需求程度由强到弱依次是农业科技服务、农业信息服务、农业生产资料供应服务、农业信贷服务、农机作业服务、农业基础设施建设服务、农业产后服务、农业保险服务。从支付能力来看,有近80%的农户具有对农业社会化服务的支付能力,但是我国低收入农户与高收入农户收入差距偏大,且地域分布不平衡,因此对于支付能力不同地区会有很大差异。(3)我国农业社会化服务主体服务功能发挥不充分,服务主体提供服务比重较少,农户对各服务主体的评价偏低;新型农业社会化服务体系持续稳定的发展离不开服务主体高水平的服务和农户的积极参与。对于农业社会化服务而言,农户与服务供给者在博弈之间会促进双方改进,从而促进博弈结果不断优化。只有适应市场需求,真正能够给农户带来实惠的服务才会最终被农户所接受。(4)政府主导型、市场主导型、自助式服务组织主导型三种农业社会化服务供给模式各有优缺点,三者互相配合可以取长补短。政府主导型农业社会化服务供给模式非常适合于经济发展严重滞后、农民组织化程度低的经济欠发达地区。这种供给模式能够有效促进其农业社会化服务的发展,利于在短期内见到成效。市场主导型供给模式适用于经济较发达、农民组织化程度较高、具有较强服务消费能力的地区。自助式服务组织供给模式适于农村经济发展水平较高、农户受教育程度较高、农户组织化程度较高的地区。(5)近十年,我国农业社会化服务体系在不断完善与发展,农业社会化服务在发展现代农业中发挥了重要的作用,我国农业社会化服务总体水平呈明显的上升趋势。从各类农业社会化服务水平变化来看,近十年来,农业科技服务、农机作业服务、农业产后服务、农业基础设施建设等服务水平均呈显著的上升趋势,农业信息服务水平增长幅度较慢,农业金融服务水平与农业生产资料供应服务水平发展并不稳定。从地区农业社会化服务发展水平来看,山东省的农业社会化服务水平最高,远远高于全国平均水平,而黑龙江省和陕西省均在全国平均水平之下;从单项服务来看,山东省在农业基础设施建设、农业信息服务、农业科技服务以及农业生产资料供应服务均超过全国平均水平;而在农业产后服务方面,陕西省服务水平最高,其次是山东省,二者均在全国平均水平之上,而黑龙江省则在全国平均水平之下;在农机作业服务方面,陕西省和山东省服务水平较高,黑龙江省则和全国平均水平差不多;在农业金融服务方面,黑龙江省服务水平最高,高于全国平均水平,而山东省和陕西省均在全国平均水平之下。各省之间应互相借鉴发展经验,取长补短。(6)影响新型农业社会化服务体系发展的关键因素按重要性程度排序依次是:公共服务机构的服务效率、体系建设资金投入水平、合作经济组织的发展程度、龙头企业对农业社会化服务的贡献程度、服务质量、农民需求表达制度的完善程度、农民组织化程度、利益保障制度的完善程度、组织管理水平。目前这些影响因素还都属于不利因素,只有将不利因素转化为有利因素,新型农业社会化服务体系才会发展得更快更好。(7)新型农业社会化服务体系的总体框架包括服务供给主体——以公共服务机构为依托,以合作经济组织为基础,以龙头企业为骨干,以其他社会力量为补充;服务对象——有文化、懂技术、会经营、善管理的新型农民;服务发展模式——“政府+农户”、“农村集体经济组织+农户”、“合作经济组织+农户”、“龙头企业+农户”等合作模式互相配合;服务管理——服务运行管理、服务质量管理、服务效益管理并重;体系运行的外部环境——健全的法制环境、宽松的政策环境、开放的经济环境、完善的市场环境同建。(8)从自我发展与自我约束两方面建立新型农业社会化服务体系高效运行的实施机制并在其中渗透关于增强服务主体能力、提高服务效果、完善服务管理等方面的制度安排,认为应从加强服务主体建设、提高服务质量、完善服务体系管理、优化服务体系运行环境等方面促进新型农业社会化服务体系的完善与发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 The development of modern agriculture is the primary mission for new socialist countryside construction and necessary requirement based on scientific concept of development in rural areas. At present, China Agriculture is in the crucial stage from traditional to modern agriculture. Facing the developing market economy and the changing demand, China’s agriculture is lack of competitiveness, comparative low efficiency, the basis of vulnerability, staying power and so on. As the small scale of farmers operation , low level of products standard, high transaction costs, weak market risks and natural risks ability, there is prominent contradictions between small-scale production and large market. The only way to solve these problems lies in the establishment of new agricultural social service system and bringing more households decentralized management into millions of households connected to each other, acting together with co-production, joint venturing, small-scale and large market effective docking, and improving agriculture benefits and market competitiveness. It is a great case for deepening rural reform promoting and rural socialist market economy to accelerate the establishment of new agricultural social service system, which has a very important far-reaching significance to stabilize and improve the household contract responsibility system, improve double operating structure, and promote the modernization of agriculture.In view of this, the article takes the content and features of new agricultural social service system as the starting point, using site visits and questionnaire method of combining, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis method, theoretical analysis and policy research method of combining and the comparative method, expound China’s agricultural social service supply and demand situation, build a new type of agricultural social service evaluation index system and analyze on China’s agricultural social service development from longitudinal comparison and transverse comparison; deeply analyze the factors that impact on new agricultural social service system; design the general framework of new agricultural social service system and the operational mechanisms; on the basis of experience from foreign countries the building agricultural social service system, it puts up measures to promote the development of new agricultural social service system.In order to grasp the situation of demand and supply of agricultural social service, the research focuses on rural service questionnaire including 60 administrative villages, 41 towns , 32 counties in Heilongjiang, Shandong and Shanxi provinces. Survey data covered the rural households of basic production and living conditions, agricultural social service to meet the farmers demand, farmers satisfaction rating on the agricultural social service and their needs and other aspects. The research establishes the extended linear expenditure model of the agricultural community service payment capacity and determines the new agricultural social service system for the evaluation of the weights and the impact of new agricultural socialized service system for the development of weight with the method AHP. The results show that:(1) Combining the development status and characteristics of agricultural social service system in developed and developing countries, we can see that agricultural social service system has become an important driving force for agricultural development, both in developed and developing countries, the level of agriculture social services are constantly upgrading, no change in the leading role of the government, agricultural cooperation organizations have become an important force of agricultural social service system, services are more and more widely in the private services sector. Synthesizing agricultural social service system development in foreign countries and our current situation, China should strengthen agricultural cooperative economic organizations, encourage enterprises and other social forces to participate in rural service, emphasize the development of agricultural science and technology, finance, information, and other basic services, accelerate the development of post-related services for agriculture.(2) Through investigation, production scale of farmer is small and operation condition is poor. Farmers are not satisfactory with current agricultural social service currently. Various service farmers need with the degree from strong to weak lies as below: agricultural technology services, agricultural information services, agricultural production materials supply services, agricultural credit, agricultural machinery operation services, agricultural infrastructure construction, agricultural post-natal services and agricultural insurance services. Nearly 80% of the farmers are able to afford the agricultural community service. However, there is a large gap of the low-income households and high-income households and the geographical distribution is uneven, so different regions have different ability to pay for agricultural social service.(3) The function of service principal is not sufficient and service principal provides small proportion of services. Farmers’evaluation towards service principal is low. The new agricultural social service system for sustained and stable development is inseparable from service of the main high level services and farmers participation. For the agricultural social services, farmers and service providers gamble in the game would promote improved both, thus contributing to game results to optimize. Only the service meeting needs of the market and bring afford to farmers will be accepted eventually.(4) There are vital advantages and disadvantages in government-oriented, market-oriented, self-service organization agricultural social service supply options. The three models can complement each other. Government-led agricultural social service supply model is well suited for economic seriously delayed developed and low farmer organization field. This supply model can effectively promote their agricultural social service development. Market-based supply model suits for more economically developed, farmer organizations, a higher degree, with strong service consumption capability areas. Self-service organizations supply model suitable for rural economic development a high level, farmers with higher education, farmers organize a higher degree of areas. (5) In the recent decade, with the development of China’s agricultural social service system, agricultural social service has played an important role in the development of modern agriculture and increased significantly. From individual services, the level of agricultural technology services, agricultural machinery operation services, agricultural post-natal services and agricultural infrastructure services are significantly increasing trend. Agricultural financial services develop slowly. Agricultural information services and agricultural production materials supply services show a wave-style development and improved a little. From the provincial development, agricultural social service in Shandong Province is on the highest level, far above the national average, while the Heilongjiang Province and Shaanxi Province are below the national average. From a single service point of view, Shandong Province ranked the first place in infrastructure construction, agricultural information service, agricultural technology services and agricultural material supply services exceeds the national average; in agriculture post-natal services, Shanxi Province has the highest service level followed by Shandong Province and both the provinces above the national average , while Heilongjiang Province is below the national average; in agricultural operations services, the three provinces of service are almost the same, Shanxi Province and Shandong Province, slightly higher than Heilongjiang Province; in agricultural financial services, Heilongjiang Province has the highest level, above the national average, and Shandong Province and Shanxi Province are below the national average level. Provinces should learn development experiences from each other.(6) The key factors impact on new agricultural socialized service system by importance degree are: the efficiency of public service bodies, system funding input level, the developing degree of cooperative economic organizations, contributions degree of leading enterprises in the agricultural community service, service quality, farmers demand expression system, organization of farmers, the perfect degree of interests of security system, organizational management. At present these factors also are all negative factors, only the unfavorable factors are turned into favorable factors, the new agricultural social service system will develop faster and better.(7) The framework of new agricultural social service system includes service supplier relied on a public service organization ,based on a cooperative economic organizations, backboned on the leading enterprises, supplemented by other social forces; service objectives, new farmers with culture, understand technology, business operations and good management; service development model, "government + farmers", "rural collective economic organizations + farmers", "cooperative economic organizations + farmers", "leading enterprises + farmers" and other cooperation mode compatible; service management, service operations management, service quality management, service-effective management of both; the system external environment, a sound legal environment, a relaxed policy environment, an open economic environment and sound market environment.(8) New agricultural social service system should be established from both the self-development and self-discipline and institutionally designed in enhancing services of the main capabilities, improving service effectiveness and service management aspects. This research puts up that we can promote the development agricultural social service system from building service principal, improving service quality, perfecting service system management, and optimization services system operation and environment.更多还原