【作者】 赵莹；

【导师】 林喆；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 法学理论， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 宗教自由作为公民精神自主和自我实现、自我发展所必须享有的一项重要权利,目前已经由最初的自然权利上升为宪法权利,并被大多数宪政国家写入宪法,成为公民的一项重要人权。但是,在当今世界,由于各国政治体制和法制发展不均衡,宗教自由在各国的发展也呈现出很大的差异性。在法学领域,宗教自由作为自然权利和宪法权利存在的基础是什么、如何对其进行保障,以及具体到当代中国,宗教自由权利保障存在的主要问题以及如何在困境中寻求出路都是国内法学者在人权研究领域不能回避的重要课题。这些问题也正是本论文着力要研究的重点内容。本文分导论和正文两部分。在导论部分,首先,在研究背景与研究意义的梳理方面,笔者考察了宗教之于东、西方发展的重大意义和深远影响,以及中国自成立新中国以来在公民宗教自由保障问题上所经历的曲折路程和由宗教信仰而引发的种种社会问题,揭示了宗教自由研究在当代中国法治和人权发展进程中的重大意义。其次,是对国内外研究现状述评。最后,简要介绍了论文拟用的研究方法和论文的基本结构。正文部分共分四章。第一章,宗教自由的概念。本章笔者分别从宗教自由的内涵和外延两部分对宗教自由的概念进行论述。在宗教自由的内涵部分,从宗教的定义、自由权的概念和本质入手展开,最后落实到对宗教自由内涵的合理阐析;在宗教自由的外延部分,分别以宗教自由实施的主体和方式为视角对宗教自由的外延展开论述。总之,本章的写作任务主要是从理论上对宗教自由的相关概念有所论及,以便明晰论文指向,为后面的行文打下基础。第二章,宗教自由的基础。在这一章,笔者力图首先论证宗教自由作为自然权利和宪法权利分别存在的基础问题,再以梳理宗教自由由自然权利演变为宪法权利的演进史作为关于宗教自由存在基础理论的实证。笔者首先论及了人权的基础和自由的特性是作为自然权利的宗教自由存在基础的普遍性表征和特殊性表征;然后分别从人性基础、宗教学基础和文化基础三方面对作为宪法权利的宗教自由之基础进行证成;最后以对宗教自由演进史的细致梳理收尾,从而印证作为自然权利的基础和作为宪法权利的基础在宗教自由演进中所发挥的支配性作用。第三章,宗教自由的法律保障。本章是论文的写作重点。宗教自由从自然权利过渡为宪法权利,如何从法律上对它进行保障是宗教自由实现的重要内容。首先,笔者从政治法律、经济和文化的视角分别对影响宗教自由保障的因素进行了分析,从而明晰宗教自由的保障是与多种因素相关联的,一国的具体国情不同,一国在政治法律、经济、文化方面的不同发展轨迹都从不同程度上对宗教自由的实现有所影响,这是客观存在的事实,因此我们对宗教自由的保障不可能过度理论化、理想化,更不可能一蹴而就。其次,基于法律保障对宗教自由实现的重要意义,笔者以对宪法规范文本和制度性构建的分析为路径,分别从宪法规范性保障和宪法制度性保障两方面对宗教自由的法律保障方式展开论述。之所以从宪法的规范文本和制度性构建入手,是缘于笔者对宪法在一国法律体系中重要地位和作用的考虑,意即从宪法入手展开论及,既可以对大多数国家在宗教自由方面的总体性规定在短时间内有所洞悉,同时也避免了因大量的一般性法律条文的庞杂而造成笔者行文中的力所不逮。最后,宗教自由作为自由权的一种,只能是在法律许可的范畴内实现公民自由的最大化,因此,通过法律对宗教自由施以限制就成为保障宗教自由实现的另一个有效途径。第四章,当代中国宗教自由保障设想。本章内容是写作的难点,这是因为:一方面,要做到在实事求是的原则下对中国目前在宗教自由保障方面的现状、面临的困境进行合理说理和客观论述,但同时又要避免因宗教的敏感性和理论分析的过分直白甚至偏激而导致不必要的误解和麻烦,笔者力求在上述两方面达到适当的平衡。另一方面,如何就中国的政教关系、宗教立法和宗教团体自治几方面存在的问题找出既符合实际国情又有利于公民权利保障的合理对策,并在此基础上对当代中国宗教自由保障方面进行合理设想,这是对笔者写作能力和学术水平的挑战。当然,笔者喜欢这样的挑战,能够以此方式对中国当下宗教自由保障制度的相关方面进行学术参与、贡献是中国知识分子的职责所在,也是这篇学术论文的主要价值所在。从论文的学术价值和创新来看,笔者以为可能在以下几个方面有所贡献:第一,从论文的研究方向和主旨来看,本论文是国内学者对人权领域中宗教自由问题进行系统、深入理论研究的第一篇博士论文(就笔者所知),之前周静曾以博士论文的形式完成其作品:《试论宗教自由的规范构造——以联合国和我国相关文件为背景的分析》,但该论文是运用规范分析的方法进行的比较法方面的研究,与我的研究路径和视角都有所不同。实事求是的说,由于众所周知的政治原因,国内对一切与宗教有关联的理论研究都具有较强的敏感性,故在人权研究领域一直缺少对宗教自由这一重要人权问题的系统研究。尽管近年来有不少学者针对该领域某方面的问题发表论文,但系统性与理论性较强的研究尚有待时日。从这样的研究背景和现实来分析,单从论文研究的方向和主旨来看,笔者这篇拙文无疑具有一定的开拓性,是以努力填补我国法学界在宗教自由研究领域的空白为目的而为的一项理论研究,具有较为积极的学术价值。第二,从论文的内容来看,笔者在写作中力求在前人研究的基础上有所突破和创新,这方面的努力在第一章关于宗教自由基础的证成部分和第三章第一节从政治法律、经济和文化的视角分别对影响宗教自由保障的因素分析部分有更切实的体现。第三,作为对宗教自由理论研究的专论,不能不关注国内宗教自由人权保障方面出现的种种问题。尽管对这方面的研究可能吃力不讨好,但基于学术研究应有的良心和社会责任感而必须努力为之。因此在论文的最后一章,笔者对关于中国宗教自由方面的设想部分进行了细致论述,认为它可能会对国内宗教自由领域的人权保障理论研究起到积极的推动作用,这也是本论文重要的研究价值所在。更多还原

【Abstract】 As an important right that is appreciated and experienced by citizens to achieve their spiritual independence, self-realization and self-development, freedom of religion has ascended from originally a natural right to a constitutional right and been written into the constitution by most constitutional nations and become an important human right, which citizens were born to appreciate and experience. However, because of the unbalanced development of political systems and legal systems among nations, the development of religious freedom in various countries shows great difference. In legal field, what is the existing basis for religious freedom as natural right and constitutional right? How to guarantee it? In contemporary China, what are the major problems of guaranteeing religious freedom rights and how to find a way out in the predicament. All the above-mentioned questions are unavoidable significant subjects in research field of human rights for legal scholars at home. They are also what this dissertation focuses on.This dissertation can be divided into two parts: the introduction and the text. In the introduction, firstly, to summarize information on research background and research significance, the author has made a survey on the great significance and far-reaching impact of religion development in the Orient and the Occident and traced the tortuous path in the issue of guarantee for citizens’ religious freedom since the founding of New China and various social problems triggered by religious belief, and has revealed the religious belief research’s great importance for the development process of rule by law and human rights in contemporary China. Then the article turns to making comments on the current state of research at home and abroad. Finally, a brief introduction is made on the research methods to be employed here and the basic structure of the dissertation.The text contains 4 chapters, of which the 1^st chapter is about the concept of religious freedom. In this chapter, the author expounds on the concept of religious freedom from such two angles as its connotation and denotation. The exposition about the connotation starts from the definition of religion , the concept and the nature of religious freedom rights and at last arrives at a rational interpretation of the connotation of religious freedom rights; In the denotation part, the subject and way for the implementation of religious freedom are taken as the angles to discuss the denotation of religious freedom. In a word, the main composition task of this chapter is to theoretically touch upon concepts related to religious freedom so as to distinctly present its main direction and lay foundation for the organization of the following parts in dissertation.Chapter 2 is about the basis of religious freedom. In this chapter, firstly, the author makes endeavors to demonstrate the foundational problem that religious freedom exists respectively as a natural right and a constitutional right and then summarizes the history of religious freedom evolving from a natural right to a constitutional right, which is viewed as a demonstration for the fundamental theory on the existence of religious freedom. The author states that the foundation for human rights and the features of freedom are the universal and special characterization of the existing basis of the religious freedom as a natural right; then he proceeds to demonstrate the validity of the basis for religious freedom as a constitutional right from the three aspects of the basis of human nature, the foundation of Science of Religion and culture; at last, the chapter is concluded by a detailed summary of the evolution history of religious freedom, by which it is to be demonstrated the dominant role has played in the evolution of religious freedom as the foundation of a natural right and a constitutional right.Chapter 3 is the legal guarantee for religious freedom, the emphasis of the dissertation. It is a vital part for realizing the religious freedom how to legally guarantee the transition of religious freedom from a natural right to a constitutional right. First, the author analyses those factors which affect the guarantee of religious freedom respectively in political law, economical and cultural visual angles and makes a clear statement that the guarantee of religious freedom are linked with multiple factors and the realization of religious freedom is politically, economically and culturally affected by different development pathways due to different national situations to different extents, which as objective reality, requires us to be wary of over-theorization or over-idealization in the guarantee of religious freedom and the thought of instant realization. Then, considering the great significance of legal guarantee to the realization of religious freedom, the author, taking the normative writing for constitution and institutional construction as two ways of analyzing, expound on the modes of legal guarantee of religious freedom in two aspects of normative and institutional guarantee of constitution. The reason for doing so is because of the author’s belief in the pivotal position and role, which constitution has in the legal system. In other word, choosing the constitution as the beginning of the exposition can provide a general review of general stipulations on religious freedom of most countries in short time and meanwhile, avoid the numerous and jumbled general provisions which probably surpasses the author’s power. Finally, religious freedom, as one of freedom rights, can only be maximized within the range permitted by law. Therefore, it is another effective approach for the guarantee of religious freedom to put legal restrictions on religious freedom.Chapter 4 is the tentative plans to guarantee religious freedom in contemporary China. It is a difficulty because, for one thing, under matter-of-fact principle, it is expected to present a rational analysis and objective exposition about the current state and predicament of the guarantee of religious freedom in China at present whereas unnecessary misunderstanding and troubles should be avoided caused by sensitiveness of religion or excessive frankness or extreme of theoretical analysis. The author strives to keep a balance in the two of the above aspects. For another, it poses a challenge to the author’s writing ability and academic level to put forward reasonable strategies on problems existing at the governmental-religious relationship, religious legislation and religious groups, which accord with the national reality and is also in favor of guaranteeing the rights of the citizens and to produce reasonable tentative plans for guaranteeing the religious freedom in contemporary China. Surely, the author is fond of such challenge and believes that academic participation and contribution of this kind in related aspects of the current Chinese guaranteeing system of religious freedom is where the obligation of Chinese intellectuals and the major value of this dissertation lie.In terms of academic value and innovation of the dissertation, the author personally thinks that its contribution could be made in the following aspects: first, judging from the research direction and main purpose, it is the first doctoral dissertation carrying out systematic and profound theoretical research on religious freedom problem in the field of human rights between Chinese scholars. Prior to this, Zhou Jing used to produce a doctoral dissertation named On the Normative Structure of Freedom of Religion: In the Background of UN’s and China’s Related Documents, in which, however, normative analysis method is adopted for the research of comparative law comparison method. It is different from my research approaches and perspectives. As a matter of fact, because of the reasons known to all, all domestic theoretical research relating to religion has a character of sensitiveness. Thus, there has always been a lack of a systematic research on religious freedom, an important issue of human rights. Although in recent years many scholars have published their dissertations on issues of certain aspects in this field, a strongly theoretical and systematic research has yet to be awaited. Through the analysis of this research background and reality, we can infer that, in term of the research direction and main purpose alone, the article, displaying kind of initiative, can be regarded as a theoretical research carried out to fill the gap in the research of religious freedom in China’s legal field and has a relatively positive academic value. Second, judging from the content of the dissertation, the author strives to make breakthrough and innovation on the basis of research of the predecessors, which is more specifically manifested in the segment about the demonstration of foundation of religious freedom in the first chapter and the segment of analysis on affecting factors of religious freedom guarantee from the political, legal, economic and cultural perspectives in the 1^st session of the 3^rd chapter. Third, as a monograph on theoretical research of religious freedom, it is inevitable to pay attention to problems of various kinds in the aspect of guaranteeing the religious freedom and human rights in China. Although research on this part may finally prove to be a thankless job, it is required by the conscience and social responsibility. Hence, in the last chapter, the author makes a detailed exposition of the tentative plans for the religious freedom of China. It is personally thought that it might add a positive momentum to the theoretical research on human rights guarantee in field of domestic religious freedom. This is where the major significance of the dissertation lies.更多还原