【作者】 贾玉树；

【导师】 邢润川；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 科学技术哲学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 可能世界是现代哲学尚未充分发掘的一个重要领域。它可以作为人类理性超越感性具体的现实世界后建构起来的形形色色世界的统称。可能世界未必是传统理性主义向往的实在世界,也肯定不是后现代反理性主义解构一切之后留下的碎片化界面世界,而是介于两者之间的可能的实在世界和可能的真实世界。而可能世界之所以被称为可能世界,纯粹是相对于实在世界而言的。它可以作为传统哲学中实在世界的一种替代品而肩负起理性主义理性本体化的神圣职责。因为超越感性具体的现实世界是人类理性的本质属性。一般说来,理性本体化涉及理性与本体世界两个方面。走出理性本体化困境的出路相应也存在两种不同的思路：后现代主义否定和告别理性是一种选择；而我们在这里否定和告别实在世界而走向可能世界也是一种可能的选择。重建哲学可能世界范畴,取代传统实在世界,可以为当代哲学在后现代语境中重建理性主义信念提供一个全新的思想平台。可能世界范畴可以为当代哲学在后现代语境中的合法性提供一种客观的思想基础。重建哲学可能世界同时也是人类理性对于科学理论的形而上学重构,它可以为当代科学哲学超越实在论与反实在论经院哲学式的争论回归生活世界,开辟一个全新的思想空间。本文的核心内容是重建哲学可能世界。全文由前言、正文和结语三大部分组成。前言部分重返历史深处,简要地考察了以自然哲学为代表的思辨理性主义和以自然科学为代表的经验理性主义在后现代语境中面临的共同困境,即理性的超越性、独断性和实在世界的虚幻性,进而从理性本体化的后现代困境中引出可能世界概念,并进一步具体地阐述了可能世界研究的目的、意义、国内外现状、本文的总体构想及其所涉及的理论和方法等问题。也就是说,把重建理性具体地落实到重构可能世界中。在前言部分,特别阐述了自然哲学是关于可能世界的误读和科学哲学是关于科学理论的误读这样两个重要观点,并通过它们把可能世界全面引入自然哲学和科学哲学语境中,表明这里关于可能世界的全部讨论,都是在这样一种语境中进行的,是关于科学的形而上学重构。正文部分的主要内容包括可能世界的本体论重构及其在科学哲学中可能的应用。第一部分从重构可能世界开始,主要讨论哲学可能世界范畴的具体界定问题。由于选择的是一条不同于后现代主义的进路,所以本文可以顺利地重返主客体关系,并在此基础上重构可能世界。具体说来,包括这样三个环节：首先是界定主客体相互作用界面；然后是根据这样一个界面阐释现实世界；最后则是从现实世界存在的各种必然性中界定和阐释可能世界。也就是说,可以把可能世界阐释为主客体界面之外的所有世界。它是理性超越现实世界的产物。在第一部分最后,从理论上集中地阐述了可能性、必然性和现实性之间的关系,把必然性和可能性完全建立在现实性的基础上。它同模态逻辑关于可能世界的阐释截然相反,并构成了我们后面进一步讨论可能世界问题的思想基础。第二部分进一步讨论可能世界的性质问题。首先全面系统地疏理了古希腊以来哲学、逻辑学和物理学三个领域中形形色色的可能世界思想,使前面关于可能世界范畴的抽象规定进一步具体和充实起来。在此基础上,选择了刘易斯关于可能世界的实在论阐释和克里普克关于可能世界的现实主义阐释这样两个在模态逻辑领域中极具特色的可能世界理论进行专题述评,指出了刘易斯放弃现实世界的优先性和绝对性、破碎了统一的实在世界等四个误区,以及克里普克可能世界概念中的世界缺席和解释学循环等内在的缺陷。在第二部分最后,提出从可能与世界两方面全面阐释可能世界,也就是说,它既不可能是实在论的,也不能够被理解为唯名论的,权且把它称为可能论,即可能的实在论。第三部分讨论可能世界的种类问题。把传统理性主义在实在世界框架中讨论的各种所谓实在世界转换成为可能世界框架中的共相可能世界、逻辑可能世界及其拓展、物理可能世界和历史可能世界等真理本位主义文化中四种十分典型的可能世界。在共相可能世界中,主要讨论了有关实体、属性和关系的共相可能世界；在逻辑可能世界及其拓展中,比较和概括了刘易斯模式和克里普克模式各自的基本特征,提出了想象的可能世界和否定的可能世界；而在物理可能世界中,则更进一步简要地归纳和概括了空间、时间、物质和运动等4类16种可能世界；在第三部分的最后,提出探索历史可能世界问题,并简要地概述了历史本体可能世界、历史史料可能世界和历史建构可能世界三种形式。第四部分还是讨论可能世界的种类,主要是历史上被自然哲学和自然科学误读了的几种十分典型的可能世界。数理可能世界是数学本体化的产物,可以利用刘易斯模式和克里普克分别加以建构；机械论可能世界是机械必然性本体化的产物,同数理可能世界一样,是真理本位主义文化中被误读十分严重的一种可能世界；量子世界是柏拉图洞穴世界的翻版,也可以归结为数理可能世界；在目的论可能世界中,进一步区分了神创论、生机论、生成论和进化论四种不同的表象。在第四部分最后,从理论上讨论了可能世界框架中的可能世界与不可能世界。并不是所有的可能世界都是平权等价的。可能世界的可能性取决于它同主客体界面的关联。否则,可能世界难以同后现代主义划清界限。第五部分讨论可能世界中的科学哲学,核心是关于科学理论的性质问题。首先不妨根据人们关于外部经验和内部经验的区分把人类的全部经验知识区分为现象知识与理念知识两大类,它们都是人类关于可能世界的知识；语言、逻辑和数学则是一种关于共相可能世界的结构性知识；科学理论是现象知识与理念知识同化在特定数学逻辑结构中的产物,它首先指称一种可能世界；科学真理是一种呈现在主客体界面上的感性具体的“真”,是人们关于呈现在感性直观中的现象世界的各种具体描述的“真”；在可能世界语境中,科学实在论和反实在论之争无非是发生在可能世界Ⅲ中一个同实在世界无关的地区性纠纷。这是在可能世界中关于科学理论性质的一种新的和可能的总体性构想。结语部分重返理性问题,同前言呼应,以可能世界作为走出理性本体化困境的一条可能的出路,从而完成了在后现代语境中重建理性的总体构想。理性、经验及其超越中进一步具体地重申了人类理性的超越本性；理性本体化的种种困境中从本体论、认识论、语言学和价值论四个方面归纳和概括了理性本体化的十几种困境；在可能世界作为一种新的可能的本体论选择一部分,则主要讨论了可能世界选择的可能性与合法性问题；而结语部分的最后,以科学哲学的新天地为题总结和概括了可能世界中的科学哲学一部分讨论的几个主要结论。从总体上讲,后现代主义不是解决理性本体化问题的唯一的出路。走向可能世界,应当是一种后现代语境中拯救传统理性主义及其本体论的无痛疗法。这是一项关于自然哲学和科学哲学的元理论研究,虽然涉及更多的是可能世界范畴、性质、种类及其同现实世界的关系,然而归根到底讨论的还是科学的形而上学重构问题。本文既然被从总体上定位在形而上学本体论层面上,从而贯彻始终的研究方法也主要是传统哲学本体论中的思辨方法。可能世界涉及方方面面的问题。所以在全文论述的过程中,也同时交织着语言分析方法、逻辑分析方法、现象学方法、解释学方法、历史分析方法等。从总体上讲,本课题的研究方法具有这样两个特点：一个是所有的论述都是在主客体关系的大框架中加以展开的；另一个是抽象的思辨与具体的实证、逻辑的推演与非逻辑的想象等这样一些彼此矛盾和对立的思想方法常常辩证地综合起来加以运用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Possible world is an important area of modern philosophy that has not yet been fully explored. It can be used as a collective noun of various worlds constructed by human reason beyond the perceptual world. Although possible world is not necessarily a real world thought by traditional rationalists, it is certainly not a broken world left after deconstruction by anti-rationalism of post-modern. Possible world is a possible reality world between them. It can be used as the substitute of the so-called traditional real world, and thus proceed to push the rationality to the position of ontology because it is the essential attribute of human reason that is always beyond the perceptual world. In general, thinking reason as a concept of ontology is not only related with reason, but also the reality world. Accordingly, there are also the two different ideas out of these difficulties. One is to farewell to reason like all the post-modern anti-rationalist, the other is to farewell to reality world and to take to possible world. Rebuilding possible world in philosophy to replace the traditional reality world can provide a new thinking platform for the contemporary philosophy to reconstruct the rationalism belief in the post-modern context, and provide an objective ideological basis for its legitimacy. At the same time, rebuilding possible world in philosophy is also rebuilding the metaphysics of scientific theories. It would open a new thinking space finally for contemporary philosophy to transcend the scholasticism argued between realism and anti-realism and to return to life world.The core of this article is to rebuild the philosophical possible world. And it does consist of the three major components:preface, body and conclusion.In preface, I would return to the common source of the history of natural philosophy and natural science, and I would think the common difficulties of natural philosophy and natural science. That is the transcendence and dogmatism of logos, and the illusiveness of reality world. And then I can think possible world as a new concept that may be a way out of the troubles of logos. And then I can further elaborate the specific purpose, significance, the research status at home and abroad, overall conception, and theoretical and methodological issues in this article. In preface, I have discussed two important ideas especially. That is, the philosophy of nature is the misreading of possible world, and the philosophy of science is the misreading of scientific theory. Accordingly, possible world would be placed in the context of philosophy of nature and philosophy of science.The main content of body text includes the ontological rebuilding of possible world, and its uses in philosophy of science.The first part of this article begins with the reconstruction of possible world. Here I mainly discuss how to define the philosophical possible world. Because of choosing a new approach different from post-modernism, I can continue the discussion smoothly under the relationship between subject and object, and I can rebuild the possible world according to the Host-guest relations. Specifically, it includes three components:First of all, define the host-guest interaction interface; then explain our world according to such an interface; and finally, define the possible world according to the several of certainty which exists in our perceptual world. In other words, I can define all the worlds outside the host-guest interface as possible world. It is the product produced by human reason beyond the perceptual world. In the first part of the final, I have explained the relationship between possibility, certainty and actuality in theory. It is my possible world, which places possibility and necessity on the basis of actuality, and is different from that of modal logic. And it is my ideological basis with which I can further discuss possible world.In the second part I further discuss the nature of possible worlds. First of all, I am combing all sorts of thoughts of possible worlds comprehensively and systematically in philosophy, logic and physics since ancient Greece, which further enriches the abstract concept of possible world. On this basis, I point out and analyze the four wrong ideas in the Lewis’realism interpretation of possible world, such as abandoning the absolute priority of our world, and point out the absence of the world in the Kripk’s phenomenal interpretation of possible world, and so on. In the final of second part, I point out that possible world must be explained comprehensively to combine the possible with the world. In other words, possible world would neither is jeal, nor false, not to be understood as nominalism, so I think it as possiblism, or. possible realism.In the third part, I discuss the types of possible worlds. Possible world can be divided into four typical types here, including universals possible world, logic possible world and its development, physical possible world and historical possible world, which is often called the real world by Traditional rationalist. In this section, I discuss mainly the universal possible world of entity, property and relationships. In the section of logic possible world and its development, I compare Lewis model with Kripke model, and summarize the basic characteristics of them, then present imagine possible world and a negative possible world. In physical possible world, I further summarize briefly the 16 kinds of possible worlds. In the final of the third part, I put forward to explore the historical possible world, and outline the three types of historical noumenon possible world, historical materials possible world and historical construction possible world.Part IV is also to discuss the types of possible worlds, mainly several very typical possible worlds, which have been misread in natural philosophy and natural sciences since ancient Greece. Mathematical possible world is a product of thinking mathematics as world ontology, and can be constructed by Lewis model and Kripke model respectively. The mechanism possible world is a product of thinking mechanical necessity as world ontology. Quantum possible world is as if Plato’s cave world, and could also be attributed to the mathematical possible world. In teleology possible world, I further explaine the four different representations of creationism, vitalism, preformatism and evolutionism. In the final of Part IV, I discuss possible worlds and impossible worlds theoretically in the framework of possible worlds. Not all possible worlds are the equivalent of affirmative action. The possibility of the possible worlds would depend on its association with the host-guest interface. Otherwise, it is difficult to make a clear limit with the post-modernism.The fifth part of the discussion may be the philosophy of science in possible world, the core is about the nature of scientific theories. First of all, according to the distinction between the external and internal experience, all human knowledge can be divided into the two major categories of knowledge of phenomenon and knowledge of conceptf and they are both human knowledge on the possible world. Language, logic and mathematics are the structural knowledge of universals possible world. Scientific theory is a product of which the knowledge of phenomenon assimilated with knowledge of concept in a particular logical structure of mathematics. And it is first a possible world. Truth in science is a perceptual and specific "real" showed the host-guest interface. In the context of possible worlds, the dispute between scientific realism and anti-realism is nothing to do with the reality world. This may be a new and possible overall conception about the nature of scientific theories.In the final part, I return to the issue of rational, and make it echoed the same foreword, thinking possible world as a way out of difficulty of human reason, and thus I have achieved my overall conception of reconstruction of rationalism in the post-modern context. First of all, I reiterate that the transcendent is the nature of human reason. Then I summarize and generalize a concrete manifestation of a dozen of human reasons among troubled in ontology, epistemology, linguistics, axiology. In the section of possible world as a new choice of ontology, I have discussed mainly the possibility and legality of possible world of ontology. Finally, I summarize several main conclusions on philosophy of science in possible world. In conclusion, postmodernism is not the only way out of the troubles of reason. Towards the possible world, this should be a painless therapy to save the traditional rationalism and its ontology in the context of post-modern.This is a meta-theoretical study of philosophy of nature and philosophy of science. Although it involves more areas of the possible world, such as concept, nature, type and its relationship with the perceptual world, however, in the final analysis, it is also the metaphysical reconstruction of science. Since this article was in general position in the metaphysics of ontological level, thus the research methods consistent has always been mainly the speculative methods of thinking of traditional philosophy. Because possible world may be involved in all aspects of the worlds, therefore, there are various research methods in my article, such as linguistic analysis, logic analysis method, phenomenology method, hermeneutical methods, analytical method of history, and so on. In general, there are two characteristics in the research method of this article:one is all the discussion to be launched in the broad framework of host-guest relations, the other is all the conflicting and contradictory methods, such as the abstract thinking and concrete evidence, logical deduction and non-logical way to imagine, is often used to combine together dialectically.更多还原