【作者】 闫晓辉；

【导师】 张新夷；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 凝聚态物理， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 中医在西方医学没有传入中国之前,在维护中国人生命和身体健康上一直都是处于权威的地位,它是一套完全不同于西方医学的医学理论。但是在现代,中医理论的科学性受到质疑,中医对于疾病的治疗机制的描述比较抽象,对它没有一个以现代科学为依据的说法。作为中医学中的重要组成部分,经络学说也是备受争议的。虽然针灸是一种安全、方便的疾病治疗手段,并且对多种疾病呈现出良好的疗效,也正在得到许多西方国家的承认,但是它依然还是被认为是旁门左道,对于承担它“行血气,营阴阳”“决生死,处百病,调虚实”调节作用的物质基础还没有确定,它如何发挥调节作用也没有被科学地证明。为了证实经络和穴位是否真正存在,很多研究人员使用一些现代的科学方法对经络进行研究。我的主要工作就是基于同步辐射提供的实验方法来研究穴位的形态和元素分布情况。在对穴位形态学的研究上,主要使用了两种成像方法,一种是衍射增强成像的方法,另一种是暗场成像方法。对于穴位处元素分布情况则是使用了X射线谱学的方法:用X射线荧光分析的方法对穴位处进行元素分析,了解穴位处元素聚集情况;一种是X射线吸收精细结构(XAFS)方法研究穴位处不同元素的在穴位处和周围原子的配位情况。衍射增强成像方法(DEI)是一种对边界有很强分辨能力位相衬度成像方法,它可以提取透过样品的X射线中的折射信息,增加了图象中的折射衬度。通过象素处理后的折射图象具有很好的边界衬度,可以分辨不同折射率的软组织边界,在医学应用上面可以突破常规X射线成像方法只能分辨硬组织和软组织的局限性。由于穴位处组织也是软组织,所以把位相衬度成像和针灸二者结合,对穴位形态进行研究,为穴位的功能研究奠定基础。在DEI方法中一般要记录三张图象,一张是在分析晶体摇摆曲线顶部记录的衍射图象,它有很好的衬度,可以直接用于观察物体的内部结构;另外两张是在摇摆曲线半高宽位置处的高角边和低角边记录的图象,对这两张图象经过象素对象素的处理后可以得到表观吸收图象和折射图象。表观吸收图象和常规X射线图象是相似的,折射图象则记录了折射信息,所以可以分辨样品内部不同折射率的微结构。通过对人体六个穴位在穴位处和非穴位处的折射图象对比分析,发现在穴位区的微管道结构要比非穴位区丰富。这些微管道在穴位处聚集说明它们是和穴位的功能有密切的联系,它们也有可能参与到穴位调节作用中。通过图片还发现随着穴位深度的增加,所显示的结构就越复杂,这可能是由于针刺穴位越深,效果就越明显,所以结构会越来越复杂。暗场成像法(DFI)是在众多成像方法中,除了衍射增强成像方法利用物质对X射线折射引起相位变化产生衬度的成像方法外,另外一种专门以提取折射信息的成像方法。暗场成像方法是和亮场成像相对应的一种成像方式,它制约了图象中的吸收衬度,只关注折射衬度。由于很多研究人员已经在兔子身体上发现了经络和穴位现象,在DFI实验中我们以兔子作为实验动物模型,所用的样品就是从兔子穴位上取得。在兔子穴位样品的DFI图象中可以观察到在兔子穴位处聚集着微管道是非常明显的一个现象。对比了同一张照片上在穴位和远离穴位的两个区域,可以看出它们的对比是比较明显的,在穴位的区域上可以看到管道结构,而在非穴位的区域就比较简单,平整。这些微管道和穴位之间存在的怎样联系,是否也参与了经络活动例如传递信息,运输能量,都需要在进一步的研究。荧光分析是一种非常快速准确的元素分析方法。在生命科学研究中,荧光分析就被用来探测生物体中不同组织中微量元素含量,探测生物组织在不同发展阶段中元素含量的变化,从而使人们更好的了解生命的过程。PIXE和SXRF两种荧光分析方法使用在经络研究中,荧光分析方法发现在穴位的地方有Ca、Zn、Fe等元素的聚集而在非穴位的区域这些元素就含量很少。所以也可以用荧光分析方法作为穴位定位的一个指标。用荧光分析方法发现在人体和兔子穴位处均有Ca和Zn、Fe等微量元素富集,这些元素都是生物体中必须的,在生命机能上担任着重要的作用。它们在穴位处的富集,可以证明穴位是一些特殊的点,在它的特殊功能实现过程中这些元素是参与其中的。它们可能承担针刺过程中产生的信号传递,或者还有其他的功能如能量传递,清楚了解它们的作用将是一个更有意义的课题。为了了解穴位处富集元素是怎样参与穴位调节作用就必须首先了解这些元素如何和周围的原子结合,所以选择了X射线吸收精细结构(X ray absorptionfine structure,XAFS)方法来研究它们的结构,XAFS是一种同步辐射特有的结构分析方法,它可以提供小范围内的原子簇信息。所以在穴位研究过程中,使用XAFS来研究穴位中富集元素和周围环境的结合情况是一种可行的方法。通过对Zn元素的K吸收边XAFS分析,发现Zn元素在穴位处和在穴位外和周围配位基的结合情况是非常不相同的,在所研究的五个穴位样品中,所有穴位内Zn元素第一壳层氧原子数要多于非穴位区。Zn元素在人体中也有信号传递的作用,在穴位的富集和还有不同于非穴位区结构说明Zn在穴位处可能承担着信号传递的特殊功能。对于Fe元素K吸收边XAFS谱的分析中,没有发现在穴位中和非穴位中Fe的配位结构有特别的规律,还需要进一步的分析。通过穴位的形态研究和谱学研究,可以发现穴位处的结构是不同于非穴位的区域,在穴位区会有一些微管道的聚集;同时在穴位处还富集着人体必须的元素Ca和微量元素Zn、Fe等,Zn元素的EXAFS谱线还显示Zn在穴位和非穴位周围的配位情况是不同的,希望这些结果能够对穴位的科学定位和探索元素在穴位中承担的功能提供依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Before the western medicine came into china, Chinese medicine is authoritative for keeping the health and protecting the life of the Chinese people. It is a set of theory that totally different from the western medicine. But in modern time some people are suspicious of its truth. Because the explanation about the therapy mechanism is abstract given by Chinese medicine, this causes its decline. As the important part of the Chinese medicine acupuncture also is disputed. Although it is a kind of safety and convenient therapy method, and has good curative effect for certain syndromes, it also has popularized in western countries, but the adjust mechanism of acupuncture can not be scientific testified, there are also lots of people do not accept it. So many researchers devoted themselves to study it using the modern techniques. My work is using the methods based on synchrotron radiation to study the topography of the acupuncture points and the distribution of the elements in the points. On the topography, two methods are used one is diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI), other one is dark field imaging (DFI) method. The spectroscopy methods are used to study the distribution of the elements: using fluorescence analysis method to find out the gather situation of elements, and the X-ray absorption fine structure method is used to study the coordination circumstance of different elements.The diffraction enhanced imaging method (DEI) is a kind of phase sensitive method; it can distinguish the different edges in the sample very well. It can pick up the refraction message contained in the X-ray through sample. So this can enhance the refraction contrast of the imaging, it can distinguish different refraction index soft tissues. The acupuncture point’s tissues are also soft tissues, so using it to study the acupuncture points is very suitable. In DEI method three imagines are recorded. One is peak image that contain the information of absorption and small-angle scattering rejection, the apparent absorption imaging and the refraction imaging are obtained by the simple pixel by pixel algorithm using two images obtained as the analyzer is tuned to either side of the FWHM position, the low angle and high angle position of the rocking curve. The apparent absorption image is similar to the conventional X-ray image. The refraction imaging records the messages of refraction so can distinguishing different micro structures in the samples. Through contrast the acupuncture points regions and the surrounding tissues on the six acupuncture points sample, the micro vessels in the acupuncture point are more rich than the surrounding tissues. These micro vessel gathering in the acupuncture points show they will have relationship with the function of these points. Through these pictures also found that as the depth became deeper and deeper, the structures were more and more complicated. This accord with that the acupuncture deeper, the effect are more marked.Besides DEI method Dark Field Imaging (DFI) is also a kind of imaging method that only extract the refraction information of the sample. DFI method is a opposite of Bright Field Imaging, it suppress the illumination light remaining after object. Because a lot of researchers have found that there are also have meridian and acupuncture points in rabbit’s bodies, in the DFI experiment the rabbit is used as an experimental animal model, the samples are collected from rabbits. In the pictures of the DFI, we found that it is very clear the micro vessels gather in the acupuncture points. Contrast acupuncture point region and the surrounding region in one picture, in the acupuncture point the micro vessels can be seen, but in the surrounding region can’t. The structure of rabbits is similar to human body, but the figures are different, so in human body the many thick vessels and nerves can be seen anywhere but little in rabbit body. What kind of relationship between these micro vessels and acupuncture points and if they take part in the messages and the energy transportation still need explore.Fluorescence analysis is a very fast and accurate element analysis method. Fluorescence analysis method is used to detect trace elements contents in different tissues, and the contents change during the development of the tissues. Two kinds of methods PIXE and SXRF are used to study the acupuncture points. The relative contents of the elements such as Ca、Zn and Fe in the region of acupuncture points are higher than surrounding regions, so the this method can be taken as a guild for the location of the acupuncture points.In human and rabbit acupuncture points are all found that elements gathering, and these elements are the necessary for organism, play very important roles in body function. These elements gathering in acupuncture points testify that the acupuncture points are some special points, how these elements involve in special function of the points is another more interesting task.In order to make clear the how these elements take part in the function of the acupuncture, at first the circumstance around these elements should be known, so the X ray absorption fine structure, XAFS method is used to study the structures. XAFS is a structure analysis method special for synchrotron radiation. It can provide the ligand information in a small area. Through analyze the EXAFS of Zn elements, found the number of ligands around the Zn in the acupuncture point is different from the surrounding tissues. For Zn element can transfer the message in human body, the gathering and different structure in the acupuncture point maybe show that the Zn act as a messenger in the acupuncture points. For the Fe element has not found the special structure rule in the acupuncture point and surrounding tissues.The structures of acupuncture points are different from the surrounding tissues through imaging methods and the spectroscopy methods. At the acupuncture points the micro vessels are more than surrounding tissues; and the necessary elements such as Ca、Fe、Zn、Cu etc. The EXAFS of Zn also show that coordination circumstances are different between the acupuncture points and surrounding tissues. Hope these results can provide evidences for the location of the acupuncture points and help for the study of the elements function in these points.更多还原