【作者】 王润斌；

【导师】 熊晓正；

【作者基本信息】 北京体育大学 ， 体育人文社会学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 民族主义是建立在民族性、民族认同、民族利益等民族要素基础上的思想情感、意识形态或社会运动。共生于近代以来的世界历史,民族主义和奥林匹克运动彼此影响、相互联结;民族主义演化出不同的范式和类型,奥林匹克运动也在民族国家博弈的场域中探寻实现和平国际主义理想的发展路径。现代奥运会的复兴与欧洲民族主义的兴起之密切关联绝非偶然。以法国大革命为标志的西欧民族主义的原发、普法战争的失利、法兰西第三共和国的爱国主义教育、近代体育民族主义的时代风貌均为顾拜旦复兴奥运会提供了民族主义的动因。顾拜旦设计的奥林匹克体系以悖论的方式得以展现:思想上的国际主义和民族主义博弈、组织上的国际化和跨国化同构、人员上的个人本位和民族国家并存。民族主义扩张的历史伴随着奥林匹克运动的初步成长。新旧欧洲殖民地强国的相互围猎在体育地理与政治地理的夹缝中展开,民族国家对获取奥林匹克承认和奥运会胜利的渴望初现端倪。以语言、种族为趋向的日耳曼文化民族主义者将这种渴望最终变成了纳粹主义的野心。象征着极端民族主义的旗帜在柏林奥运会上高扬,也插在了世界大战的阵地上,奥林匹克运动也在血与剑的洗礼中逐步成长。民族主义的全球弥散确立了战国法则,使得坚持“体育独立于政治原则”的奥林匹克运动限于空前的思想和行动困境。获得承认、塑造英雄、地缘团结以及混合了反种族主义的非洲结盟凸显了亚非拉新兴民族国家反殖反帝的民族解放、民族强大的诉求。冷战分立和集团对抗无法掩盖民族利益纷争和沙文主义霸权,抵制奥运会凝结着多重意识形态的面向,几乎宣告了奥运会的终结。全球化与民族主义的转向中,奥林匹克运动中的民族主义问题出现了消解和隐退的契机,然而文明的冲突似乎预言着民族主义在全球化时代的复杂图景,夹杂着媒介帝国主义、全球资本主义、民族国家话语的文化霸权成为奥林匹克文化单一化的一个向度,融合了天下主义的中国民族文化承担着本土文化自救和实现奥林匹克文化多元化的新使命。更多还原

【Abstract】 As one kind of emotion、ideology or social movement,the nationalism is founded on nation’ s elements of nationality、national identity and national interest.Has being symbiotic in the modern world history,the nationalism and the Olympic Movement have influenced on each other and connected together.The nationalism evolved different paradigms and models;the Olympic Movement also searched path leading to its ideal of harmonious internationalism in the field of nation-states’ game.It is a coincidence between renaissance of the modern Olympics and rise of the nationalism in Europe.There are four nationalistic key factors which result in renaissance of the Olympics:the origin of nationalism in western Europe being symbolized by French revolutionary、lose in the Prussian-French War、educational modernazition in the Third Republic and historical expericence of sportive nationalism in modern Europe.The Olympic syetem designed by Coubertin was displayed on following paradoxes:game of nationalism and internationalism in idea level、homogeny of internationalization and trans-nationization in organization level、combination of individualism and nationalism in human resoures level.The spread of nationalism was accompanied with early growth of the Olympic Movement.In the spilt of sport geography and politics geography, the hunting between old and new colonial poweres was on going.The nation-state’ s thirst for being recognized by IOC and struggling for triumph was on evidence.The Nordic cultural nationalism being oriented to language and ethnicity turned its thirst to ambition of Nazism,then the flag symbolizing extre-nationalism both flyed over the Berlin Games’ stadium and was inserted at position of the World War.The Olympic movement grew step by step after survival of the blood and sword.By establishing the jungle rules,the nationalism dispersed globally, then embarrassed the Olympic Movement with principle of ’sports having nothing with politics’ in trouble of idea and action.Gaining acceptance、 inventing national heroes、uniting geographically and allying in Africa with antiapartheid revealed the appeal to national liberation and mightiness by the new nation-states in Asia,Africa and Latin America. The schism and blocs in the Cold War was incapable of concealing dispute on national interests and chauvinism’ hegemony.The Games against boycott which contained multiple facets of ideology hardly decared the death of the Olympic Games.In the turnaround of globalization and nationalism,the nationalism issues in the Olympic Movement got the chance of dispersing and retreating. However,conflicts between civilizations perhaps indicate the complex situation faced by nationalism in the globalization times.Being mingled with midia imperialism,global capitalist and national-state’ discourse, the cultural imperialism became one aspect of cultural homogenization in the Olympic Movement.The Chinese nationalism which embodied in cosmopolitanism took new responsibility to make local culture survived and realized multiculturalism of the Olympic Movement.更多还原