【作者】 李兆良；

【导师】 葛鲁嘉；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 科学技术哲学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 宽恕是人类最基本、最重要的议题,是人类伟大智慧传统中的核心词语,是二十一世纪处理各种矛盾和冲突的积极选择。从20世纪80年代开始,宽恕作为一种基本和重要的社会、心理和道德现象,在全球化交往与和解的时代进程中超越了学科、地域和文化的边界,成了普遍性的概念和世界性的现象。作为一种跨文化人类共通的美德,一种积极的力量优势,一种建设性的应对策略,一种真正的生命智慧,因宽恕所具有的道德价值、健康价值、生命价值、人性价值、精神价值而成为心理学各分支学科广泛关注的重要主题。对于宽恕内涵的深刻阐释是关涉宽恕心理学研究的根本问题。当前西方心理学关于宽恕的探究是以宽恕他人为研究取向,此种研究取向是把受伤害者视为宽恕的主体,是以宽恕他人来建构或彰显宽恕的内涵,并基于此开发宽恕的测量工具及干预手段,这是一种植根于西方的文化传统而衍生出来的对于宽恕内涵的理解。此种理解缺乏中国本土的主体性、脉络型、契合性及稳定性,难以全面有效地诠释、了解、预测及改变中国人的宽恕心理及行为。针对当前宽恕心理学研究中存在的宽恕的理论建构、测量工具、干预手段是以宽恕他人为前提,以及在宽恕的跨文化研究中,忽视本土传统文化中的宽恕思想资源这一事实,可以提出下述问题:宽恕是否存在文化差异?中国传统文化中是否存有宽恕思想?如果有,其独特的内涵是什么?与西方心理学中的宽恕有何不同?中西文化中的宽恕是否具有共通之处?能否进行有效整合?整合的依据是什么?为了回应上述提出的问题,将研究焦点锁定在宽恕内涵这一重要的理论问题上,基于中国本土心理学的视角,反思当前西方科学心理学对于宽恕内涵研究的局限。以消解当代语境下人们对宽恕内涵存有的种种迷思为切入点,以反思西方心理学视域中的宽恕内涵的不足为前提,以发掘中国传统文化中蕴含的丰富的宽恕思想为核心内容,以会通、融合中西文化中的宽恕内涵以及发展出适合中国文化传统的宽恕心理内涵为最终目的,而展开研究内容的集中表达和深入阐释。按照上述的逻辑理路,首先透过逐一检视宽恕与相关概念的异同,如宽恕与宽容、宽恕与赦免、宽恕与遗忘、宽恕与和解等,来进一步凸显宽恕的真正涵义;接着对西方心理学关于宽恕内涵的界定进行梳理;在此基础上,反思当前西方心理学对于宽恕内涵的研究局限,指出其以宽恕他人为导向,而忽视自我宽恕的不足;进而,将研究焦点集中在对中国传统文化中所蕴含的宽恕思想的深入挖掘上,指出在中国的文化传统中,蕴含着非常丰富、非常有意义的关于宽恕的文化资源、思想资源、学术资源,宽恕自古就被视为中华民族的美德,是中国传统文化中十分重要的道德规范。在中国传统文化的场域中,对宽恕内涵进行语义学分析、谚语研究,对儒、道、佛三大主流学派中所蕴含的宽恕思想进行发掘,指出在中国文化传统中虽然没有形成对宽恕内涵的准确定位,也没有形成系统的宽恕理论,却可以找到一些与西方心理学中的宽恕相对应的概念,如“恕”、“仁”、“善”、“宽”、“和”、“忍”、“慈悲”等;最后将中西文化视域中的宽恕内涵加以比照并进行整合,提出符合中国文化传统的宽恕心理的独特内涵。中国传统文化中的“恕道”、“仁爱”、“慈悲”、“包容”侧重于从“伦理道德”、“修己安人”、“心性修养”、“回归本真”的视角来审视和看待宽恕,这是一种中国式的宽恕智慧,有别于西方式的宽恕他人理念。西方文化中的宽恕是基于西方的“原罪说”,侧重于强调宽恕在解决人际伤害中的价值,关注宽恕对伤害者的积极影响。在中西两种文化下,通过宽恕使生命重新获得至善力量的路径和方式虽然不同,但两者绝非没有“最大公约数”。两种文化都强调宽恕是一种人性中“善”的彰显;是一种追求人际和谐的心理需求;是一种人类共有的生命智慧;是一种跨文化共通的美德。这些共通之处成为整合中西宽恕内涵的前提基础。依据中国传统文化中所蕴含的宽恕思想、中国人整体的思维方式、中国文化传统中的心性学说、中国文化的社会关系取向,宽恕内涵应包括宽恕他人和自我宽恕。这种对宽恕内涵的新的认识和理解,是对西方心理学偏重以宽恕他人为研究取向的突破、丰富、完善和超越,是宽恕心理学本土化研究的一种努力和有益的尝试,由此会对宽恕心理学已有的研究方法、测量工具、干预手段产生影响。进而,有利于推进中国宽恕心理学本土化的研究进程,有利于世界宽恕心理学研究的发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Forgiveness is the most essential and important issues in human beings, and is the core word of human great wisdom, and also is the positive choice to deal with all kinds of contradiction and conflict in the 21st century. Beginning from 1980s,as a kind of basic and important social,psychological and moral phenomenon, forgiveness goes beyond the boundaries of discipline, region and culture in the era process of globalization contact and reconciliation to become an universal concept and a worldwide phenomenon. Being a kind of cross-cultural universal virtue of human, positive power advantage, constructive countermeasure and authentic wisdom of life, forgiveness becomes an important topic, which attracts extensive attention of all branches of psychology due to the value of morals, health, life, human nature and spirit it has.The profound interpretation of the connotation of forgiveness is the fundamental question relating to researches of forgiveness psychology. The current western psychological researches on forgiveness are forgiveness of others, which regard sufferers as the subject of forgiveness, build or reveal the connotation of forgiveness through forgiveness of others, and develop measuring tools and interference means depending on it. It is the interpretation of the connotation of forgiveness that derived from the western cultural tradition. The interpretation lacks subjectivity, continuity, correspondence, and stability of China itself, and it is hard to interpret, understand, predict and change Chinese forgiveness mind and behavior comprehensively and effectively.Aim at the current research of the theoretical construction of forgiveness, measuring tools, intervention methods of forgiveness psychology are on the base of forgiveness of others, and ignorance of the forgiveness thought of indigenous traditional culture in the cross-culture research. We can put forward the following questions: Are there any cultural differences in forgiveness? Are there any forgiveness theories in Chinese traditional culture? If there are, what is the special connotation? What are the differences with the Western culture? Does the Chinese and Western culture have anything in common about the forgiveness? Can they integrate effectively? What are the bases of the integration?In response to the above questions, the focus of the research targets on the connotation of forgiveness—the important theoretical question. Based on viewpoint of Chinese indigenous psychology, we reflect the limitation of the research on the connotation of forgiveness of present western scientific psychology profoundly. We will take the resolution of people’s various confusion about forgiveness in contemporary linguistic context as the breakthrough point, and take the reflection on the existing shortage of the connotation of forgiveness in the Western cultural perspectives as the premise, and take the exploration about the rich resoursce of forgiveness in Chinese traditional culture as the key content, and take the understanding and fusion the connotation in Chinese and Western culture and developing the connotation of forgiveness which is fit for Chinese cultural tradition as the ultimate goal. And, in this way, I make the research express concentratively and expound profoundly.According to the above logical thoughts, first, to make the true meaning of forgiveness further highlighted, the similarities and differences of forgiveness and related concept are reviewed one by one. For example, forgiveness and tolerance, forgiveness and amnesty, forgiveness and forgetting, forgiveness and reconciliation and so on. Then we abstract and generalize the definition on the connotation of forgiveness in western psychology. On this basis, we reflect the shortage of the connotation of forgiveness research of present western psychology, point out the limitation of forgiveness of others oriented. And then research focus on exploring the forgiveness thought in Chinese traditional culture deeply and point out that there are very rich and very meaningful cultural resources, thought resources, academic resources about forgiveness in Chinese traditional culture. Forgiveness has been deemed as virtues since ancient times of the Chinese nation. Forgiveness is a very important moral norms in Chinese traditional culture. In Chinese traditional field, we have semantics analysis and proverb research on the connotation of forgiveness, exploring forgiveness thought in Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, and point out that although there is no clear definition on the connotation of forgiveness in Chinese cultural tradition, and there is no system theory on forgiveness in Chinese traditional culture, we can still find some matching concepts with the concept of forgiveness in Western culture. For example,“shu”, benevolence, good, generous, harmonious, bear, mercy and so on. In the end, we compare and integrate the connotation of forgiveness in the Chinese and the Western cultural perspectives, and put forward the unique connotation of forgiveness psychology which is fit for Chinese traditional culture.Doctrine of“shu”, benevolence, mercy and containment in Chinese traditional culture survey and look on forgiveness from the viewpoint of ethics, self-cultivating and being harmonious to others, cultivate the moral character and nourish the nature and return to human’s nature. This is a Chinese forgiveness wisdom, which is different from the Western concept of forgiveness. Forgiveness in western culture was on the base of western“original sin”and it place extra emphasis on the value of the solution in interpersonal harm. Forgiveness of western culture pay close attention to the positive impact on sufferer. Although the route and means which make life regain supreme good are different, there is by no means without the“greatest common divisor”in Chinese and Western culture. Forgiveness can be seen the manifestation of goodness,psychological need of interpersonal concordance,life wisdom and the virtue of cross-culture in both Chinese and Western cultures. These become premises of integration the connotation of forgiveness in the Chanese and the Western. The connotation of forgiveness should include forgiveness of others and self-forgiveness based on the forgiveness thought in Chinese traditional culture,holistic thinking mode of the Chinese,the cultivation theory and social relations in the traditional Chinese culture.This new interpretation on the connotation of forgiveness breakthrough,enrich,improve and beyond the forgiveness of others of western psychological,and it is a try of indigenization research of forgiveness psychology. It can bring out a series changes of research methods, measuring tools and interventions of forgiveness psychology.It will be favorable for promoting indigenization research process of forgiveness psychology of China,and it will be favorable for progress and development of forgiveness psychological research of the world.更多还原