索伦鄂温克宗教信仰：仪式、象征与解释

【作者】 王伟；

【导师】 程恭让；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 中国哲学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 本文主要阐述三个问题：一是索伦鄂温克萨满信仰的特点与习俗,以及萨满信仰如何影响鄂温克人的行为；二是以现代社会中两个重要的宗教祭祀为例,来说明仪式在现代社会的意义；三是阐述对萨满式文明的理解,讨论中华文化所具有的萨满式文明特征以及对当前文化整合的意义。正文部分共五章,第一章介绍田野调查情况,第二、三和四章根据田野调查中获取的资料,系统考察索伦鄂温克萨满信仰的主要观念和仪式,阐释其符号象征意义。第五章分析萨满式文明的民间信仰特征,并就当今中华民族多元文化的整合提出思路。本文对鄂温克族的研究主要目的是反思现代中国社会,中华民族是一个由多民族构成的整体,中华民族文化由多个不同民族共同创造,因此中国文化包含了各种传统、信仰,也就有着各种行为准则,一些行为准则甚至是对立或冲突的。尤其是边疆民族与中原民族之间不断充斥着或明或暗的文化冲突。即使在现代社会,也存在着相互抵制与对抗。所以笔者试图通过对一个民族的研究,来反思这种文化冲突是否可能避免,并且尝试发掘中华民族的文化共性,这种文化共性对当前的民族融合乃至多元文化共处有何意义。笔者在鄂温克牧区进行了一年多的田野调研,在此期间了解到鄂温克族的传统宗教信仰主要是萨满教,萨满信仰具有开放性特点,信仰萨满的人们往往还具有其他宗教信仰,比较突出的是佛教和道教信仰。萨满本人也吸纳了佛教、道教的一些要素。这种开放性的信仰使鄂温克族与其他民族的交融相对容易。就神灵信仰而言,中国各民族之间都有相似性,我们在考古资料中发现,古代民族的神灵信仰具有自然神信仰、祖先神信仰等多神信仰的特点。这种信仰一直延续到今天,现在的民间信仰中仍然具有动植物崇拜、祖先崇拜的遗存。张光直先生曾经提出：“中国古代文明就是所谓萨满式的文明。”“把世界分成天地人神等层次,这是中国古代文明重要的成分,也就是萨满式世界观的特征。”笔者在论文中试图进一步阐释萨满式文明的概念,认为萨满式文明是相对于制度性宗教信仰而言的,是几千年来民间信仰所表现出来的文明形态,这种民间信仰的主要外在形式是巫术信仰,包括祭祀仪式、占卜、预测、医疗等等；就内在的信仰而言,具有万物有灵论的特点,相信天地、动物、植物等自然界神灵,其信仰的核心是人神沟通。本文借用了雷德菲尔德提出的文化“大传统”、“小传统”概念,用以说明在比较复杂的文明形态中存在着两个不同层次的文化传统。大传统是指社会上层所产生的精英文化,小传统是指俗民所代表的生活文化。因此,大传统体现了社会上层生活和知识阶层代表的文化,多半是由思想家、宗教家经深入思考所产生的精英文化或精雅文化,而小传统则是一般社会大众的下层文化。在大传统的宗教文化中,免不了要分辨儒、道、释的源流派别,但是在小传统中,只能看到各种宗教相互融合的民间信仰,人们只在乎哪些神祗最能保佑平安降赐福祉,以及如何尊奉神意以保证福祉的延续。我们看到,中国文化的大传统与小传统,从其根源来讲,本来是同样的源头。在分离之后,不断地互动,大传统影响小传统,有时候小传统也“改造”大传统。几千年来小传统并没有被大传统完全替代,在地方社会,小传统起到了融合民众的作用,与大传统对社会发展形成了互补之势。费孝通先生提出的“五十六个民族是多元,中华民族是一体”概念作为一种政治上的结构无疑是确定的。从文化和信仰上看,五十六个民族有着共同的文化之根,正因为他们有这样的文化共性,才能够成为一个整体。尽管在大传统上,有着儒、道、墨、法等差别,但是就民间的小传统来讲,都有着共同的祖先崇拜、自然神崇拜等信仰,以及具有类似要素的民间仪式,因此在小传统上是互通的、一体的。在一个和谐发展的社会中,存在差片乃是常态,所谓“和而不同”,才是真正的和谐。综上所述,在萨满式文明的基础上,探析中华民族文化整合的未来走向。更多还原

【Abstract】 It is a widely concerned topic of national questions. There are different traditions and beliefs of nations included in Chinese culture due to the multi-ethnic composition in China, which even leads to conflict. Mr. Fei Xiaotong has raised the idea of the diversity and unity of Chinese, as he points out, during fighting against foreign powers in history, the Chinese people transferred from a national entity to a conscious national entity. In this period, there has been confluent each other to some extent in the blood and culture between the different nations. This paper is discussing how Ewenki’s religion and culture, as a population of fewer people, to reflect the local characteristics, and how the national traditional beliefs to evolve at the time towards integration of the Chinese nations. I also discuss what ideas will be put forward to the national and cultural integration in the Ewenki’s case.Form June 2009 to July 2010, I have reached many times to Hulunbeier grassland where lives Ewenki people who are from North of Daxinganling Mount. More than one year I lived together with Evenki people of Bayantuohai town, where is administration of the Ewenki autonomous banner,and with Evenki people of GaluteGacha (which means "village"), Hui coutry and other places,listening them to tell their stories so as to find those scattered culture Symbols in the folk society, and to get First-hand data through field research as foundation of this writing. I also refer to the literature, and combine with Ewenki national identity and national character found from the fields, clearing up Ewenki cultural context and beliefs transition. Through the analysis of religious beliefs and religious practices, discussing the significance of religious factors in cultural traditions, and the performance in cultural transition, comparing similar symbols and their meaning of folk beliefs between ancient and contemporary society. In addition, from the perspective of Chinese culture integration, I focus on acculturation, cultural identity and cultural orientation which come into being in the process of communication between Evenki and the other ethnic groups in the era of transition and reconstruction of the Chinese nation.Mr. Zhang Guangzhi have used "shamanistic civilization"to summarize of ancient Chinese culture, as an ancient civilization,which should be understood clearly in modern society. On this basis,re-examining the root of Chinese culture and the wisdom of ancestors to provide ideas for the current cultural integration.This paper consult research methods and theories of many social scientists and anthropologists who applied various theories to explain the phenomenon of culture, such as Symbolism, hermeneutics and so on, discussing folk beliefs, customs and behavior principle, analyzing "significance of the network structured by human,thus trying to find the deeper structure of representation. This paper is a case study of Solon Ewenki, taking the more important phenomena of religion in modern society as an entry point, through a lot of field research, trying to sketch the basis of shape of shamanistic civilization based on shamanism. The contents of the article discusses, first, analyzing the decline and revival of Solon Ewenki shamanism and its primary causes, describing the characteristics, continuation and ideas of shamanism, and the performance in customs. Second, analyzing overview and ritual of clan obo of Solen Ewenki, explaining the significance of ceremony through observing and researching the ritual in modern society. Third, analyzing the role and meaning of ritual in modern society by observing the age ceremony of Solon Ewenki-Fire God ritual. Fourth, through interpreting with shamanistic civilizations, discussing characteristics of shamanistic civilization which Chinese culture has.Finally, by comparing similari ties and differences between Solon Ewenki shamanism and other ethnic groups in modern society, and many religions compromised in Ewenki shamanism, interpreting shamanistic civilization and religious character of Chinese culture, generalizing the form of ancient Chinese civilization, which made a point of view that Chinese culture is a kind of shamanistic culture. Trying to explore the role of the folk belief in the national religion integration and cultural integration, thus pondering the current cultural integration. Through researching Ewenki religion, can find the important effect that religious belief put on the national spirit, cultural attainments, and even the social structure and historical development.although the economic, political, environmental and religious beliefs and other factors affect national culture development, but in these factors,religious beliefs will affect economic, political factors. At last, summarizing shamanistic civilization,discuss what trends of the integration of Chinese culture in the future.更多还原