【作者】 赖瑛；

【导师】 邓其生；

【作者基本信息】 华南理工大学 ， 建筑历史与理论， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 本选题以祠堂建筑为研究对象、以珠江三角洲广府民系为地缘背景,运用类型学、断代法等研究方法,通过大量实地调研及资料整理,深入细致地研究祠堂建筑时代特征及地域特征。论文从祠堂文化的宏观描述到祠堂建筑具体特征的分析,拓展了广府祠堂研究的深度和广度,充实了地域建筑研究体系,促进地方传统建筑的保护,并对当代宗族复兴所面临的建筑保护修缮工作提供理论参考和断代依据。本选题尝试从历史发展的时间维度,厘清广府祠堂发展脉络、揭示建筑时代特征。广府祠堂建筑的发展与其特定时代的社会文化背景密切相关。基于广府祠堂现存实物基本为明以后修建,根据祠堂在明至民国期间各历史时期的发展状况,将祠堂发展分为六个阶段:明早期以前祠堂“早期发展阶段”、明中晚期祠堂“成型阶段”、清早期祠堂“延续阶段”、清中期祠堂“成熟阶段”、清晚期祠堂“程式化阶段”、民国时期祠堂“衰退阶段”。通过对各发展阶段的政治、经济、宗族制度、文化氛围等社会文化背景进行解读,剖析祠堂建造高峰迭起、技艺推陈出新的缘由,对由此而产生的祠堂发展概况进行宏观描述,并对各历史阶段建筑的平面形制、构成元素、梁架形式、建筑装饰、建筑材质等进行微观而细致的剖析。本选题亦立足于珠三角广府地域范围内的空间维度,归纳总结祠堂建筑地域特征。地域特征首先体现在自成一体的建筑形制上。首先从广府祠堂空间的组合形式入手,对祠堂构成的主要元素、辅助元素进行分类,对建筑路、进、间概念及其组合常见形式的特点、盛行时期作分析并作实例分析。然后对祠堂空间的主要构成元素即堂、廊的建筑形制进行分析:堂廊一路三进三开间等形式的常见平面格局,驼峰斗拱式、瓜柱式、博古式等三种常见梁架形式的结构特点和使用位置,外观造型如前堂门面、垂脊、镬耳山墙、蚝壳墙等的分类、特点及地域差别进行分析,再对祠堂的辅助构成元素如衬祠、牌坊、照壁、拜亭等功能与形制进行分析。地域特征还集中反映于风格突出的建筑装饰。广府祠堂建筑装饰手法多样,最典型的就是传统的“三雕一塑”即木雕、石雕、砖雕、灰塑,而且载体不一。部分装饰如正脊、门枕石、柱础、墀头因年代不同而呈现鲜明的时代特征,为祠堂建筑的年代判断提供辅助信息。琳琅满目的装饰不仅题材多样,而且蕴涵丰富,寄托庶民生活趋吉避邪的情愫。本选题最后探讨广府祠堂建筑的保护、修缮、利用问题。本选题的研究意义之一就在于相关成果能够为该类型历史建筑的保护实践提供参考依据。现代化建设潮流中,广府祠堂建筑的保护状况虽然有值得欣慰的地方,但整体形势并不容乐观。本文最后就文物保护中重要一项内容“修缮”进行分析,对广府祠堂建筑修缮应遵循的“不改变文物原状”原则展开思考,对广府祠堂建筑保护和合理适度的古为今用也提出一些建设性意见。更多还原

【Abstract】 Through the development of economic, cultural, politics of Guangfu Clan in Pearl River Delta, accompanied with the developed patriarchal system, the ancestral halls deserves the highest rank of folk buildings, the best materials, the most delicate craft, the nucleus place. As times went on, more and more timeliness characteristics have merged in more and more ancestral halls. The object of this research is the ancestral halls which were connected by the blood relationship between the worshipper and the worshipped. This research will help the improvement of the study of local architecture, the protection of the traditional architecture, and will lay a good foundation for the times judgment of ancestral halls.Every cultural phenomenon has its profound history background, so does the architecture. The study on the history background of the main periods from Ming dynasty till Minguo dynasty can draw the reasons why the ancestral halls have been built so many and such delicate. In the mid and late Ming Dynasty, a ancestral hall boomed due to the policy of allowing people to build ancestral halls, the economic blooming, the procure of political position and etc. In early Qing Dynasty, the building of ancestral halls sank into all-time low due to the change of political power, the impacts of“moving far away from the sea”. In mid Qing Dynasty, ancestral hall boomed again thanks to the blooming economics, the steady society. In late Qing Dynasty, the building of ancestral hall kept blooming thanks to the development of national capitalist economy, the government’s try to recovering the propriety. In Minguo Period, the building of ancestral halls sank into all-time low again due to the shakable society, the collapse of patriarchal system. Every period ancestral halls has its own the timeliness characteristics as well as its political environment, aesthetic judgment.This research also devotes to the concluding of District Characteristics. From the plan to the section to the mould, Guangfu ancestral hall has its own colorful organizing plan forms, its unique roof beams, its own outward appearance such as ridge, wall and gates etc.The dec0ration forms help the outstanding district characteristics. Wood carving has been used in anywhere wood with the content of birds, flowers, fish, even figure story. Stone carving has been mainly used on gate bases, column bases etc, which has a clear times characteristic. Brick carving boomed in mid an late Qing Dynasty and Minguo Period, used on windows etc. Huisu, local craft, has been used widely on ridges, windows, walls etc.Such magical ancestral halls deserves the solicitude and protection. Meanwhile, ancestral hall is facing the decreasing and destroy during the modernization construction. The repair principle of“no changing regional situation”can be extended into the following principles: as much as lessening the unharmonious parts, as little as adding parts, readable newly repaired section, changeable repaired materials, and so on. The protection measurements of ancestral halls can be launched in reasonable usage.更多还原