【作者】 胡引霞；

【导师】 滕春贤；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨理工大学 ， 管理科学与工程， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 20世纪90年代以来,由于科学技术的飞速发展,顾客消费水平不断提高,企业之间竞争加剧,加上政治、经济、社会环境的巨大变化,使得需求的不确定性大大增加,导致需求日益多样化。因此越来越多的企业对传统管理模式进行改革或改造,把原来由企业自己生产的零部件外包出去,充分利用外部资源,而这些企业成了一种水平关系,人们形象地称为“横向一体化”。供应链管理就体现了“横向一体化”的基本思想。当前,供应链管理思想与方法已在许多企业中得到了应用,并且取得了很大的成就。随着商业竞争模式逐渐从企业与企业之间的竞争转化为供应链与供应链的竞争,供应链已经成为企业决胜未来的重要途径。供应链竞争力的强弱受多种因素影响,例如,供应链本身的结构及成本参数,供应链内部关于利润分配、稳定性的协调问题,供应链之间关于产品转载、科研创新方面的合作问题等。这些因素直接或间接地影响供应链的竞争地位、产销量及利润等,这也是本文研究的重点所在。本文在对国内外供应链管理理论、激励理论、契约理论、变分不等式理论等相关理论和方法以及研究成果进行系统分析的基础上,界定了供应链与供应链竞争系统的内涵、特征等,分析了竞争供应链的业务行为、物流、资金流及信息流的具体模式。通过分析供应链竞争系统的特征,先后建立了基于Nash非合作博弈和基于Stacklberg博弈的供应链内部均衡模型,并指出在供应链形成初期,Nash非合作博弈可以很好地刻画供应链的形成过程,而供应链竞争系统中的稳定供应链则适合用Stacklberg博弈来刻画。根据电子商务环境下供应链竞争系统的特性,提出了市场链、运作边、协调边等相关概念,分析了供应链竞争系统均衡的条件,利用空间价格理论和变分不等式理论,建立了电子商务环境下供应链与供应链竞争的变分不等式模型。在此基础上,分析了变分不等式的求解算法及模型解的存在性、唯一性等条件。通过分析供应链失调各种不同的原因,及供应链竞争系统中各种协调的效用和必要性,建立了供应链与供应链竞争系统中的协调机制框架模型,将供应链协调分为供应链内部协调和供应链之间的协调。将供应链内部协调分为三种:基于链内上下游企业之间订购量的协调,基于突发事件的协调,和基于信息共享利润分配的协调。首先,对于链内上下游企业间订购量的协调,可采用利润共享契约和回收契约进行协调,通过调整契约参数,使零售商的最优订购量恰好等于制造商的最优生产量。其次,在需求突然增加的情况下,可以使用二次订货的数量折扣契约使供应链抢占市场先机,增加利润;在需求突然减小的情况下,则可使用回收保价契约减小供应链在利润和名誉方面的损失。最后,通过合作博弈理论合理分配信息共享带来的额外收益,以确保信息共享顺利进行,减小供应链牛鞭效应,增强供应链竞争力。供应链与供应链之间的协调是一个全新的课题,本文从产品转载、链间合作创新及业务外包三个方面出发,分析了供应链之间合作的可能性。在此基础上,通过数学模型分别提出了产品转载、链间合作创新及业务外包等链间合作行为的充分必要条件,指出了链间合作的优点,并利用数值算例证明了链间合作可以为参与合作的供应链带来的额外收益,使其在众多的竞争供应链中获胜。针对哈尔滨A汽车工业集团有限公司的基本背景及生产销售能力,提出了A企业汽车供应链的基本结构。分析了A企业微车的竞争对手B企业及C企业的公司背景,并在综合分析比较A、B、C三家企业的基础上,提炼出三条供应链在微车市场相互竞争的供应链网络模型。搜集整理这三条市场链在生产、销售、盈利等方面相关数据,通过数据拟合、方差分析、参数估计等统计方法得出三条供应链的成本、价格参数,并通过计算证明供应链与供应链竞争模型及其协调机制在汽车供应链中应用的有效性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since 1990s, with the advance of modern science and technology, and with the growing of economic, the competition between enterprises was more and more fierce. In addition, due to the tremendous changes of political, economic, and social environment, the randomicity of whole market demand had greatly increased. Consequently, more and more factories reformed their traditional management modes, outsourcing manufacture of components and parts to others for utilizing external resources. Gradually, a relationship took shape among these factories, which was called“horizontal integration”. On this condition, supply chain management emerged, and utilizing its basic principles and methods, great progresses had been achieved in many companies.Supply chain had becoming an important factor for companies intending to win in the future, and commercial competition had been passed on from companies to the supply chains. Several factors control supply chain competitiveness, such as supply chain structure and cost parameters, internal coordination mechanism concerning profit distribution and supply chain stability, production transfer, and coordination of innovation cooperation between supply chains, etc. These factors affect the supply chian competitive position, product output, sales volume and profit, which is also the key study point in this paper. Based on the analysis of the related theories and methods such as supply chain management, motivation theory, contract theory, and variational inequalities theory, the intension and characteristics of supply chain versus supply chain competition system were defined, and supply chain enterprise behavior, physical flow(logistics), funds flow, and information flow were clarified.Through researching features of supply chain competitive mode, supply chain internal equilibrium model respectively based on NASH non-cooperative game, and Stackelberg game were established. It was indicated in this paper that, in the early stage when supply chain forming, NASH non-cooperative game model depicted the period well, while in the supply chain stable age, Stackelberg game model did better. Based on electronical supply chain characteristic, several concepts were defined, such as market chain, operation link and cooperation link, supply chain competition equilibrium conditions were analyzed, and using spatial price equilibrium and variational inequalities theory, supply chain versus supply chain competition variational inequalities model based on B2C was established. On this condition, the right algorithms and solutions existence, uniqueness was studied.Researches were realized on the reasons of supply chain non-coordination, and the validity and necessity of supply chain coordination. Supply chain versus supply chain competition coordination mechanism framework model was developed, and according to which supply chain coordination was divided into internal and external ones.The coordination inside supply chain was again divided into three ones, that was, shipment coordination between supply chain members, coordination based on supply chian disruption management, and profit distribution coordination based on information sharing. For the first one, profit sharing contract and buy back contract were suitable, and through adjusting contract parameter, retailers’optimal order quantity would be just the same with manufacturers’output. For the second, in case product demand increased abruptly, quantity discount contract on again order enable the supply chain seize the market and add profit. Or else if requirement decreasing, buy back & price keeping contract is capable to minimize the loss in profit and reputation. And the last, cooperative game is rational in distributing extra profit produced by supply chain information sharing, and in return ensuring the information sharing goes on smoothly, cutting bullwhip effect and improving the competition.As a new concept, the feasibility of cooperation between supply chains was evaluated in the paper, focusing on the concrete acts of cooperation, including product transfer, cooperation innovation, and outsourcing. Sufficient and necessary conditions of the supply chains cooperation and benefit of cooperation were brought forward by mathematical expressions. While inserting numerical examples, a conclusion was driven from the model that cooperation may come back extra profit to collaborators, pushing them to win.The paper gives a basic supply-chain structure for Harbin A Automobile Industry Group Company Ltd., whose background and sales figures were studied seriously. When comparing that with its competitors involving B and C, a supply chain network model was built up comprising three chains competing with each other in the market. The cost and price parameters of the chains were received by studying their production figures employing statistical approaches, including data fitting, variance analysis, parameters estimation. By sample analysis, competition model and coordination mode among supply chains was proved to be operative and effective in the automobile market.更多还原