【作者】 林辰壹；

【导师】 谭敦炎；

【作者基本信息】 新疆农业大学 ， 草业科学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 葱属(Allium L.)是世界重要蔬菜、药用和观赏植物资源,主要分布在北半球,集中在亚洲的阿富汗、土耳其、伊朗、土库曼斯坦、乌孜别克斯坦、蒙古以及天山山脉和喜马拉雅山脉,在中南美洲和非洲有一些零星分布。新疆是中国葱属植物的重要分布区之一,生长在新疆特殊地理位置和环境下的葱属植物有着不同的种类和利用价值。为了充分掌握新疆葱属植物资源种类、性状变异式样、变异幅度以及种间亲缘关系,本文以分布于新疆的葱属植物作为研究对象,对其形态性状、叶表皮特征、花粉形态以及种皮微形态进行研究,为今后开展新疆葱属植物核心种质建立、遗传规律研究、驯化栽培和育种创新工作提供依据。主要研究结果如下:新疆葱属植物资源有50种和1变种。基于形态性状建立了新疆葱属植物分种检索表。通过形态性状变异式样和变异幅度分析,结合数量分类,确定了种的划分性状。每心室具胚珠数目、鳞茎外皮特征、鳞茎生长习性、叶片横切面特点具有属下类群划分意义。花被片与花丝关系、内轮花丝基部特征、蜜穴特征具有重要的分类学价值,对种间亲缘关系确定具有指导作用。叶的大小与颜色、表面糙齿的疏密有无、珠芽着生、花序上小花数目、花被片颜色与大小、子房的形状、柱头长短等性状因生长环境和季节的不同在不同居群间存在差异。新疆葱属植物的叶表皮形态研究表明,叶表皮形态特征种间有显著差异、种内比较稳定,具有种的分类学意义。基于叶表皮特征,可以将43种供试材料分为3组,组1叶表皮细胞菱形、垂周壁直线型,组2叶表皮细胞菱形、垂周壁弧线型,组3叶表皮细胞长方形,垂周壁直线型。以叶表皮细胞形状和垂周壁特征作为属下类群划分依据得到叶表皮形态特征数量分类结果的支持。葱属植物菱形的叶表皮细胞和弧线形垂周壁式样是进化类型,而长方形的叶表皮细胞和直线型垂周壁式样是较原始的类型。新疆葱属植物花粉形态观察证实,花粉的形态特征种间有显著差异、种内比较稳定,具有种的分类学意义。基于花粉近极面形态特征,可以将12种供试材料分为2组,组1花粉外壁纹饰具孔-条纹状;组2具孔-皱缩状。这种属下类群划分没有完全得到花粉微形态特征数量分类结果的支持。花粉外壁皱缩是进化类型,而条纹状是较原始的类型。新疆葱属植物种皮微形态特征阐明,种皮微形态特征对葱属植物种类鉴定、种间亲缘关系判定和属下类群划分具有重要指导意义。基于种皮微形态特征,可以将38种供试材料分为6组。组1垂周壁弧线型或弧线和直线混合型,细胞排列相对疏松网状物清晰可见,表面具小而多的疣突。组2垂周壁弧线、波状(S型)或弧线-波状(S型)的混合型,细胞较紧密,网状物不清晰,具中等大小数量不等的疣突。组3垂周壁直线型或直线和弧线混合型,细胞排列相对疏松,可见网状物,细胞呈斑块状,具中等大小的疣突。组4垂周壁弧线型或S-弧线型,细胞排列紧密,无网状物,细胞中央呈球状突出。组5垂周壁直线-弧线型,细胞排列紧密,突起呈疣状或块状。组6垂周壁呈S-型或U-型波状,细胞呈较大的岛屿状位于种皮上。以种皮细胞排列、细胞网状物和平周壁特征作为属下类群划分依据得到种皮微形态特征的数量分类结果的支持,垂周壁形状、疣突特征和大小可以揭示种间亲缘关系。垂周壁S-型或U型是进化特征。表面疣突是由小而密集至形成大的疣突的进化过程,块状或中等大小的疣突是过渡类型。细胞间排列特征是由疏松到紧密镶嵌的进化过程,细胞间网状物或网孔的存在是过渡类型。更多还原

【Abstract】 The genus Allium L. is the important germplasm resources utilized by people as vegetable, medicinal and ornamental plant in the world. It is mainly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in Central Asia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, Turkey, Mongolia and China, scattered in South of America and Africa. Because of the special geographic location and envirionmemtal conditions, the province of Xinjiang has different species of Allium, and it is becoming the important distribution zone of the genus Allium in China. The present study examined its morphological traits, leaf epidermis, pollen morphology and seed coat of Allium from Xinjiang in order to identify the species, charateristics type, and their taxonomic relationship for better establishing the core collection, analyzing genetic background, and domestication and cultivation of Allium. The results have been summarized as follows:There are 50 species, one variety of Allium from Xinjiang. Basing on the significance taxonomic morphological traits, the key to 68 species of Allium is established. The amount of ovules per locule, bulbiferous tunic, bulb growth habit, leaf shape and cross section traits have subgeneric classification significance. The length ratio of filaments and perianth segments, the trait of inner filaments bases and nectaries have the important taxonomic significance. Leaf size, shape, margin smooth or not, bulblets existing or not, amount of flower, perianth segments colour, ovary shape and style length have the less taxonomic significance, since they are changeable and unstable in different environments, seasons and populations.The leaf epidermis of 43 taxa were examined. The leaf epidermis characteristics has taxonomic value at the species level. Based on the leaf epidermis characteristics, three groups are established. Group 1: leaf epidermal cells are rhomboid, anticlinal walls are straight; Group 2: leaf epidermal cells are rhomboid, anticlinal walls are arched; Group 3: leaf epidermal cells are rectangular, anticlinal walls are straight. Based on these results we propose that rhomboid leaf epidermal cell and arched anticlinal wall are advanced characters, and rectangular leaf epidermal cell and straight anticlinal wall are primitive characters.Pollen morphology of 12 taxa were studied. Pollen morphology has taxonomic value at the species level. Based on the pollen morphology, two groups are established. Group 1: the exine sculpture is striate with perforations; Group 2: the exine sculpture is regulate with perforations. Based on these results we propose that regulate exine are advanced characters, and striate exine are primitive characters. Pollen morphology has limited value in determining taxonomic relationships and setting infrageneric classification.Seed coat sculpture of 38 taxa were investigated. These features has important taxonomic significance in determining taxonomic relationships and setting infrageneric classification. Based on the seed coat sculpture, six groups are exsisted. Group 1: anticlinal walls are arched or arched- straight, cellular arrangement is relatively loose and with reticulated tissue connecting among the basal part of cellulars, more and small verrucate on the periclinal walls; Group 2: anticlinal walls are arched, S type or arched-S, cellular arrangement is relatively close, middle verrucate on the periclinal walls; Group 3: anticlinal walls are straight or straight-arched, cellular arrangement is relatively loose and with reticulated tissue connecting among the basal part of cellulars, irregular lumps and middle verrucate on the periclinal walls; and with reticulated tissue connecting among the basal part of cellulars; Group 4: anticlinal walls are arched or S-arched, cellular arrangement is close, colliculate in cellular center and tuberculate and verrucate on the periclinal walls; Group 5: anticlinal walls are straight-arched, cellular arrangement is close, lumps and verrucate on the periclinal walls;Group 6: anticlinal walls are S type or U type, cellular arrangement is close like islands. Based on these results we propose that S type or U type, close cellular arrangement and big verrucate are advanced characters, loose cellular arrangement, small verrucate are primitive characters, and reticulated tissue are intermediate type.更多还原