【作者】 王伟；

【导师】 石云里； 方晓阳； 柯资能；

【作者基本信息】 中国科学技术大学 ， 科学技术史， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 人工制墨是我国十分重要的传统工艺之一,在我国传承、发展以至体系完备而流传至今,至少已经两千多年,并形成了博大精深的墨文化,对社会政治经济演进、中国古代文明传承具有深远的意义。本论文从工艺发展的传承和延续角度,对我国传统制墨工艺的发生、发展历程进行了分析和讨论,对制墨工艺流程、技术要领进行了分析比较,同时在工艺分析的基础上,对制墨工艺发展过程中所涉及到的部分问题进行了讨论。在我国两千多年的人工制墨发展史中,松烟墨、油烟墨一直是最为重要的两种墨品,从时间上看,松烟墨先于油烟墨产生,但在各自脉络清晰的工艺发展过程中,两大工艺体系间又互有交叉、彼此消长,因此本文对我国传统制墨工艺发展史的梳理也是以这两种墨的制作工艺为基准而进行的。为了进一步讨论影响工艺发展、传承的主要因素,本论文也对松烟墨工艺和油烟墨工艺进行了比较分析。首先将松烟墨工艺发展划分为萌芽于先秦、成型于东汉、完善于魏晋、鼎盛于唐宋这几大发展阶段,而油烟墨工艺发展则划分为渐成于南北朝、松油并重于宋、鼎盛于明清这几个阶段,并纠正了前人关于“油烟墨始于唐”的错误观点。传统制墨在长期的发展过程中形成了界限鲜明的两大时段：宋代以前松烟墨占绝对主流,宋代以后油烟墨占绝对主流。在对制墨发展史进行分析、总结的基础上,指出传统制墨工艺发展经历了五次重大突破和三个关键时期。五大工艺突破是指松烟取代天然材料成为制墨原料；以胶作为制墨粘接剂：墨模的使用；添加中药材作为制墨辅料；油烟被用作制墨原料。三个关键时期是指传统制墨工艺体系初成的汉代；形质并重、松油共存的宋代;重形胜于重质的明代。以对古代制墨工艺的文献研读和客观分析为基石,讨论了中国墨文化体系的建构历程和文化表征以这种文化的形成对漫长地制墨工艺发展历程中的影响。对松烟墨的工艺分析是论文的第二大部分,这一部分对比分析了古代的松烟烧取方法和现代的松烟烧取方法。松烟墨工艺中,本文从松材选取原则分析、古人烧制松烟的五种方法比较、辅料添加的原则和辅料对墨质的影响、胶的制备和使用原则、和制成形工艺的技术要领等部分进行了分析、讨论。论文的第三大部分是油烟墨工艺分析部分,本文讨论了油料的选取原则,浸油、染灯草的工艺要点和对制墨结果的影响,并对古人炼制油烟的七种方法进行了详细分析。在加胶入药、和制成形部分,油烟墨与松烟墨工艺流程大致相同,则不再予以单独分析。在分析制墨工艺时,对文献记载的部分古代松烟烧制工艺和油烟烧制工艺进行研读和比较分析,指出了各种工艺的优劣,并对部分古代工艺进行绘图复原。对这两种制墨工艺的比较部分,是分为两种墨品的评价和两种墨的工艺发展比较分别表述的。从具体的工艺流程入手,通过对生产可能性边界、技术进步系数、生产约束条件等,对松烟墨工艺和油烟墨工艺进行讨论和比较分析,归纳出松烟墨出现早于油烟墨,以及油烟墨逐渐取代松烟墨,成为制墨业主导的原因。为了更好的比较古今工艺异同,了解工艺传承情况,本文的工艺分析中结合了大量的实地调研内容。对现代松烟烧制工艺；现代油烟炼制工艺；现代制墨工艺流程；现代墨厂产品特点等进行了实地调查、分析。基于论文的主体研究内容,除了制墨工艺历史梳理和两大制墨工艺的对比分析之外,本文还在最后一章就制墨工艺发展中的几个问题进行讨论,通过对不同时代的文献加以综合解读、运用现代自然学科的相关知识、科学分析等方法,讨论了胶在制墨中的作用和使用原则；对文献记载中极其简略的“对胶法”试着做了分析；指出了宋应星在《天工开物》一书中所记载的松烟炼制工艺的谬误；对松烟墨的药用进行了初步讨论。更多还原

【Abstract】 Traditional Chinese production of ink stick is one of the essential techniques in ancient times, which is inherited and improved into a mature system during a long period of time at least lasting for two thousand years, and has conceived a wide and marvelous ink culture which is of great meaning to the development of the politics and economy of the society and the inheritance of Chinese ancient civilization.The occurrence and development of Chinese traditional production of ink stick is analyzed and discussed in the dissertation from the angle of inheritance and continuity of the ink technology. Meanwhile the procedure and main points of the production of ink stick are compared and some questions concerned on the development of the technology are discussed.As one of the two most important types of Chinese ink, the turpine-soot ink is produced earlier than the oil-soot ink in the history of Chinese artificial ink production over two thousand years. The two production systems are interwoven with each other though each has a clear production procedure. Therefore, investigated is Chinese traditional production of ink stick on the basis of the two different production of the two types of ink stick. For further discussion of the main factors of the production and inheritance of the technology, the production of the turpine-soot ink and is compared with that of the oil-soot ink.The history of the production of the turpine-soot ink can be divided into some phases, that is, sprouted in Qin dynasty, constructed in East Han dynasty, improved in Wei-Jin dynasty and finally the climax in Tang and Song dynasties. However, the production of the oil-soot ink can be separated into other different phases, which took shape in Nan-Bei dynasty, existed with the turpine-soot ink in Tang and Song, consummated in Ming and Qing. The essay corrects the wrong viewpoint of the former researchers who thought the oil-ink came out in Tang dynasty. Traditional production of ink stick can be separated into two clear periods in the long period of development, that is, the production of turpine-soot ink prevailed before Song, whereas, the oil-soot ink took the position after Song.On the basis of the analysis and sum-up of the development history of ink-stick, the essay points out that traditional development of the ink-stick underwent five great breakthroughs and three key periods.The first great breakthrough is that turpine-soot became the raw material instead of the natural material, second the glue was affixed, third the ink modules were used in the production, fourth traditional Chinese drugs were used as the additive materials, and fifth oil-soot was used as the raw material. The three key periods are constituted by the form of traditional ink-stick production systems in Han Dynasty, the existence of the turpine-soot ink and oil-soot ink with the attention to both the shape and the quality in Song and with more attention to the shape than the quality in Ming. Based on the researches of the literature and analysis of the ancient production of the ink-stick, the dissertation discusses the construction procedure of Chinese ink culture system and the influence of the culture expression on the long production history of the ink-stick production techniques.The second part of the dissertation is the analysis of the turpine-soot ink. The part compares the burning techniques of turpentine soot in ancient times with that in modern times. From some different angles analyzed and discussed are the principles of the choosing of the turpine, five methods of the turpine burning by ancient people, the principles and the influence of additive materials, the preparation and the use of the glue, the essential points in the form of the technology and so on.The third part analyzes China oil-soot ink craft. It discusses the principle of choosing oil, the points about oil immersion and common rush dyeing, and the effect on ink production. Also, it expounds in detail seven ancient methods of oil refining. In the steps of mix and shaping, the technical processes of China oil-soot ink and Turpentine-soot ink are the same and will not be discussed separately.When analyzing ink production craft, by comparing parts of the ancient China oil-soot ink firing craft and Turpentine-soot ink firing craft in the documents, the dissertation points out the advantages and disadvantages of all craft and restores some ancient craft by drawing.The article compares the two ink production craft with each other from the products’evaluation to the development history. By analyzing the production possibility frontier, the technology progress coefficient and production constraint condition, it draws a conclusion that in fact Turpentine-soot ink appeared earlier than China oil-soot ink and explains the reasons why China oil-soot ink replaced Turpentine-soot ink and became the main craft in ink production industry.In the analysis of craft, abundant on-site surveys are provided in the dissertation about modern China oil-soot ink firing craft, modern Turpentine-soot ink firing craft, modern ink production and characteristics of modern ink products, in order to compare ancient and modern craft’s differences and understand craft inheritance better.Based on the main research, the dissertation not only describes the ink production craft history and compares two methods of the crafts, but also debates several problems in the ink production development. Through comprehensive scrutiny of documents of different periods, by applying modern natural science knowledge and using analysis methods, effect and usage principle of glue in ink production is discussed. Eventually the dissertation points out the mistakes about Turpentine-soot refining craft documented in Exploitation of the Works of Nature (Song Ying Xing) and comes to primary concludes about Turpentine-soot ink’s medicinal use.更多还原