【作者】 杨倩苗；

【导师】 高辉；

【作者基本信息】 天津大学 ， 建筑技术科学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 建筑产品作为建筑的物质基础,其生产与应用的各个过程都与人类的生活和工作息息相关。同时,在它的生命周期的各个阶段,从工厂生产、现场施工,到建筑使用、拆除,都与资源、能源和环境有着密切而广泛的关系。因此,建筑产品全生命周期的环境影响评价,仅研究其生产阶段的环境影响是不完全的,得出的结论也是错误的。本论文根据ISO14040系列标准提供的生命周期评价的技术框架,考虑建筑产品LCA评价的特殊性和我国建筑产品LCA的基础数据现状,制定了实用、简便的建筑产品生命周期环境影响的定量评价手册,评价我国建筑产品全生命周期的环境表现,为设计阶段选择环境影响小的建筑材料、建筑部品提供量化的工具,为旧建材的循环再利用提供数据支撑,为绿色建材的定义和绿色建筑评估中的建材部分提供量化的标准,促进绿色建材和生态建筑的进一步发展。论文首先,建立了可操作的、简便的我国建筑产品全生命周期环境影响评价方法,确定进行建筑产品LCA需要的建筑产品的基础数据(如工程量、替换系数、建材种类及数量等)、建筑产品全生命周期环境清单数据库的格式和LCA过程的基础参数(如环境影响类型、特征化潜力值、人均当量基准值、权重系数等)。其次,根据我国环境统计的发展现状,研究建立了我国建筑产品全生命周期环境清单数据库的可能性和实现途径,以全国第一次污染源普查、《中国统计年鉴》、“公路、水路运输和港口能源消费统计报表制度”等现有的环境统计为数据来源,明确了建立数据库所需原始数据的获得途径和原始数据换算成数据库的处理方法,并在目前环境统计的原始数据不全的情况下,建立了部分建筑产品建材生产、施工、使用、废弃物处理和运输5个过程每计量单位的环境清单数据库,为建筑产品全生命周期环境影响评价提供数据支持。另外,编写了建筑产品全生命周期环境影响评价手册,指导从事建筑相关领域工作的非LCA的专业人士,按照“收集基础数据——LCI清单分析——LCA评价”的步骤,评价建筑产品全生命周期的环境表现。使用Excel 2007编写了文件名为“建筑产品的LCA.xlsx”的建筑产品LCA程序,方便建筑设计人员评价建筑产品的环境表现,缩短评价时间,提高评价结果的准确性。最后,以山东潍坊市公寓式住宅“泰华领域”实际项目为分析对象,综合应用了建筑产品全生命周期环境清单数据库、评价手册和建筑产品LCA程序,通过评价、比较混凝土、外窗和填充外墙等建筑材料及构件的环境表现,明确了影响建筑产品环境表现的关键因素,指导绿色建材及构件的选择,有针对性地改善建材及构件全生命周期的环境表现。更多还原

【Abstract】 Construction products are the fundamental element of architecture. Their production and application are closely related to human life and work. At the same time, in their various stages of the life cycle, construction products have close and extensive relationship with resources, energy and environment. Therefore, environmental impact assessment of production phase is not complete and its conclusion is wrong about life cycle assessment of environmental impact of construction productions. According to the technical framework of LCA in ISO14040 series standard, the thesis considers the specificity and the status of basic data on construction productions LCA, sets up the practical and simple evaluation manual in construction product LCA. The manual can assess construction products lifecycle environmental performance, provide quantitative tools for choosing the low environmental impact building materials and products in the design phase, offer data support for the recycling use of old building materials, define the quantitative standards of green building materials, and promote the further development of green building materials and eco-architecture.First of all, the thesis establishes the workable and simple LCA method of environmental impact of construction productions and determines the basic data that is required in LCA of building products (such as quantity, replacement coefficient, the type and quantity of building materials, etc.), the inventory database format of building products LCI and the basic parameters of building products LCA (such as impact category, characterization factors, normalized factors, weight coefficient, etc.).Secondly, the thesis depends on the status of environmental statistics, studies the possibility approachs to establish the inventory database of construction products LCI, explicit the ways to obtain the original data and the methods of converting raw data into database, and partially builds the lifecycle environmental inventory databases ofconstruction products. The databases include five inventory databases of building materials production, construction, use, waste disposal and transport and provide data support for construction products LCA.In addition, the thesis sets up the evaluation manual in LCA of environmental impact of construction products and guides non-LCA professionals in the construction-related field to assess construction products environmental performance. Using Excel 2007, the thesis compiles program of construction products LCA, entitled "building products LCA.xlsx", which is convenient for architecture designers to assess construction products environmental performance, shortens the evaluation time and improves accuracy of evaluation results.Finally, apartment house "Taihua areas" in Weifang City as example, the thesis comprehensively applies the inventory database, the evaluation manual and the program of construction products LCA, evaluates and compares the environmental performance of concretes, external windows and filled exterior walls, explicit the key factors influencing the environmental performance of construction products, guides the choices of green building materials and components and pertinently improves the lifecycle environmental performance of construction products.更多还原