【作者】 杨娟；

【导师】 张庆林；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 高自尊的异质性是指高自尊的性质不是单一的,而是存在多种类型,高自尊者与高自尊者的行为表现不一致甚至出现相反的情况。心理学家分别从自尊的某个角度出发对高自尊的异质性现象进行研究与描述,其中包括不稳定高自尊与稳定高自尊、防御高自尊与真诚高自尊、相椅高自尊与真正高自尊、高外显低内隐自尊与高外显高内隐自尊、脆弱高自尊与安全高自尊。关于高自尊异质性现象的测量和描述散见于各个研究之中,但是还没有研究系统地对异质性高自尊者的认知与行为差异进行总结。本研究试图从外显内隐自尊角度对异质性高自尊者进行区分,并且对两类个体在认知行为上的异同进行部分总结归纳。其次,关于自我与自我评价的脑机制研究发现,自我可能是由6个在功能上彼此分割但又有交互作用的子系统构成,如个人的情景记忆、自我参照的表征、自我反映的能力等。国内学者朱滢(2004)基于对正常人的脑成像研究认为,自我是由3个侧面构成的复合体:自我面孔识别中知觉的自我,自传记忆和情节记忆保持记忆中的自我,以及自我参照、自我反省中思考的自我,这3个侧面各有其对应的脑机制,自我面孔识别发生在右侧大脑,而自传记忆主要与海马有关,情景记忆提取主要与右侧前额叶有关,而内侧前额叶的激活仅仅是自我参照的表征。Perrin(2005)等认为,当个体在听到自己名字的时候,会在极大程度上激活了自我意识。他们同时运用ERP技术和PET技术探测个体听到自己名字时候的自我脑激活。结果发现,与听到他人的名字相比,听到自己名字诱发了更大的P3成分,与此同时,在右侧的颞叶、背外侧前额叶的血流量也发生了很大变化,他们认为背外侧前额叶在自我加工过程中起到了至关重要的作用。P300的诱发与背外侧前额叶的激活与自我加工有关。本研究试图借助于事件相关电位技术(Event-related potentials,ERP)手段,从更微观的角度出发,系统地考察外显与内隐自尊的神经生理学基础。实验一通过测量结果证明不同水平高自尊个体的共同性在于期待他人的积极性评价。263名被试完成外显Rosenberg自尊量表、内隐IAT测验与社会期望量表。实验结果发现,通过外显自尊量表测量出来的自尊受到了社会期望的影响,高自尊个体都表现出较高的社会赞许性效应,他们期待社会对自我的积极性评价,试图以积极的方式展示自己。通过外显和内隐测量工具测出的安全高自尊与脆弱高自尊被试,他们的同质性都表现为较高的社会期望,期待社会对自我价值的肯定与承认。在个体自尊形成过程中,个体容易受到社会期望因素的影响对自己作出不符合实际的评价。正是这样的原因,才使得高自尊者与高自尊者的表现出现不一致甚至相反的情况。实验二试图从信息加工方式上来区分异质性高自尊个体。249名被试完成外显Rosenberg自尊量表,内隐IAT测验与回忆作业。在回忆作业中,要求被试回忆出电脑反馈的20种行为表现(10种积极的行为和10种消极的行为)。实验结果发现,低外显自尊个体对消极信息的回忆量显著高于高外显自尊个体,而两类被试对积极信息的回忆量上差异不显著;不同内隐自尊个体对积极信息的回忆量差异不显著,对消极信息的回忆量差异也部显著;无论是积极信息的回忆率还是消极信息的回忆率,外显自尊与内隐自尊的交互作用差异不显著。实验结果表明,试图通过外显手段区分内隐层面有差异的两类个体,似乎是行不通的。实验三通过内隐的风险赌博作业来区分异质性高自尊个体在认知行为上的差异。脆弱高自尊的人由于拥有潜在的自我怀疑而对消极的评价性信息很敏感,因此特别倾向于避免冒险,选择避免带来消极的自我相关反馈的情境,希望虽然回报很少但很安全的结果。263名被试完成外显Rosenberg自尊量表,内隐IAT测验与21点赌博游戏。实验结果发现,随着风险的增加,所有被试都表现出防御性反应,倾向于避免冒险。在高外显自尊水平的个体中,低内隐自尊个体比高内隐自尊水平个体表现出更多的防御性倾向;在低内隐自尊的个体中,高外显自尊个体比低外显自尊个体表现出更多的防御性倾向。高外显低内隐自尊个体是一种内藏的消极感受与公开表现的积极自我感受的结合,由于拥有潜在的自我怀疑而对消极的评价性信息很敏感,因此表现出防御性反应,采用各种保护策略来应付这些信息。已有外显自尊的测量手段都是量表,不合适事件相关电位技术重复多次的要求。因此,实验四在以往关于自我脑机制研究“评价范式”的基础上,结合中国被试的特殊情况,探索出适合于中国被试的外显自尊脑机制研究的实验材料。180名被试完成外显Rosenberg自尊量表与自我评价程序。在自我评价程序中,被试用积极词和消极词来评价“自我”和“他人”。实验结果发现,与自尊相关的自我评价体现为个体用积极或者消极触及自尊词进行的自我评价;个体对正性他人的评价可以作为一个参照指标,由于个体对负性他人评价的一致性较低,因此在脑机制研究中的“人物对象”不包括负性他人。在实验四的基础上,实验五运用ERP技术手段,考察外显自尊的神经生理学基础。大学生用积极触及自尊词、消极触及自尊词和非自尊词对自我和正性他人进行符合与否的评价。结果发现,在自我评价过程中,触及自尊不符词比非自尊不符词诱发了更大的P300成分,差异主要集中在头皮后部,该成分可能反映了与自尊相关的自我信息的注意过程;在自我-他人评价过程中,触及自尊不符词的自我评价比触及自尊不符词的他人评价诱发了更大的P300成分,差异主要集中在头皮中部,可能反映了对自我信息的注意以及情绪资源的投入。实验六采用ERP技术,运用IAT实验范式来进一步探测内隐自尊的神经生理机制。IAT正式实验包括两个基本部分,分别为相容归类和不相容归类。在相容归类里面,被试的任务是把“自我”与“积极”词归为一类并按相容的键反应,把“他人”和“消极”归为一类并按相容的键反应;不相容归类任务是相容归类任务是反转,被试的任务是把“自我”和“消极”词归为一类并按相同的键反应,把“他人”和“积极”词归为一类并按相同键反应。实验结果发现,在350-450 ms左右,相容条件下的“自我”词比不相容条件下的“自我”词诱发了一个更正的ERP成分(P300),P300反映出对自我相关信息的注意。通过以上的系列实验,得出如下结论:异质性高自尊个体共同性在于期待他人的积极性评价;须从内隐层面对异质性高自尊个体的认知行为差异进行区分,脆弱高自尊的人由于拥有潜在的自我怀疑而对消极的评价性信息很敏感,因此在风险赌博作业中特别倾向于避免冒险;在外显自尊与内隐自尊的ERP研究中都诱发出P300成分,反映出对自我相关信息的注意。更多还原

【Abstract】 Although high self-esteem(SE) is typically viewed as an indicator of psychological health,some individuals possess positive self-views that are secure and confidently held, whereas others possess positive self-views that are fragile and vulnerable to threat, leading them to zealously promote and protect their esteem.In others words,there is heterogeneity of high self-esteem.Although there were many descriptions and researchs about heterogeneous high SE,there was no system research about the cognitive and behavioral difference between heterogeneous high SE.The current reseach distinguished high explict SE participants on implicit SE;therefore,there were high explict high implict SE participants and high explicit low implict SE participants.Previous research proved that the P300 arose when higher-order cognitive operations related to selective attention and resource allocation are engaged.It was found that the P300 was as an index of attention to self-relevant stimuli(Gray,Ambady, Lowenthal,& Deldin,2004).Compared to control stimuli,the P300 was augment for self-relevant stimuli.Based on the previous research,the event-related potentials(ERP) was used to seek out the neural basis of explicit SE and implict SE.In experiment 1,263 university students finished Rosenberg scale,implict association test,and the Social Respective scale.The results showed that participants who got high score in Rosenberg scale were also got the high score in Social Respective scale.The homogeneity between heterogeneous high SE was that they want to get high respect from society.It is the reasons that heterogeneous high SE participants got the high score in Rosenberg scale and in Socal Respective Scale.249 university students finished Rosenberg scale,implicit association test,and memory test in experiment 2.In the memory test,participants first viewed a series of evaluative information about themselves.Recognition memory for the information was later tested.The results showed that low explicit self-esteem individuals remembered more negative information than high explicit self-esteem individuals.Fer the recall of positive information,there was no difference between high explicit self-esteem and low explicit self-esteem.There was also no difference between high implicit self-esteem and low implicit self-esteem individuals in their recall of positive and negative information.Relevance model hypothesized that those who were low in self-competence/self-liking tend to be preoccupied with their inability and lack of success.They were therefore quicker than those high in self-competence/self-liking at identifying information suggestive of failure or inefficacy.It was also showed that memory test was an explicit method which was not an appropriate way to distinguish implicit difference.263 university students finished Rosenberg scale,implicit association test,and blackjack gambling game in experiment 3.In blackjack gambling game,all participants were inclined to have defensive ability when the risk was high.The interaction of explicit SE and implicit SE was significant.High explicit but low implicit SE were more associated with defensive than high explicit and high implicit SE.Low implicit but high explicit SE were more associated with defensive than low implicit and low explicit SE.High explicit and implicit SE person have positive self-concept both in conscious and in non-conscious;High self-esteem in conscious coupled with low self-esteem in non-conscious is fragile and so may relate to self-protective and self-aggrandizing strategies.This research provided new experimental evidence to the heterogeneity of high self-esteem.The scale in previous research was not suit for the requirement of event-related potentials techonology.In experiment 4,180 colleague students used four kinds of words to evaluate themselves,positive others and negative others.The words which were used for evaluation were:positive-affirmation,negative-denial,neuter-affirmation and neuter-denial.They also finished Rosenberg self-esteem scale which was used for validity evaluation.The results showed that(1)when participants used positive or negative words to evaluated themselves was consistency with Rosenberg scale;(2) when participants evaluated negative others,they had different opinions,therefore,we deleted negative others evaluation.We used positive others evaluation as a baseline. Event-related brain potentials(ERPs) were measured when 11 healthy participants finished explicit self-esteem test in experiment 5.Results showed that the amplitude of P300 was more positive in posterior scalp when subjects evaluated self based on negative,correlative,and denial adjectives than neutral,denial adjectives.It indicated that P300 was an index of attention to self-relevant stimuli.The results also showed that the amplitude of P300 was more positive in middle scalp in self-evaluation condition than other-evaluation condition based on negative correlative adjectives.The results indicated that P300 was related to emotional value of stimuli.Event-reiated brain potentials(ERPs) were measured when the participants finished the implicit association test(IAT) for implicit self-esteem in experiment 6.The implicit association test(IAT) is a general-purpose procedure for measuring the strengths of automatic association between concepts(Greenwald et al.,1998).The self-esteem IAT is a computerized categorization task that measures automatic associations of self-relevant and non-self-relevant words with positive-meaning and negative-meaning words.During the task,participants press corresponding keys to categorize target words that appear at the center of the computer screen.Each target word is selected from the self or non-self lists or from lists of positive(e.g.,smart) or negative(e.g.,foolish) words.In a congruent condition,self and positive target words are selected by pressing the same key,whereas other and negative target words are selected by pressing another key.In an incongruent condition,self and negative target words are selected by pressing the same key,whereas other and positive target words are selected by pressing another key.The automatic association between concepts is measured by observing the difference in speed between a condition in which self and positive-meaning words shared the same response key and a condition in which self and negative-meaning words shared the same response key.Robust behavioral data indicated that the participants responded relatively rapidly in the congruent condition when associating self with positive items,supporting the hypothesis that most people have a positive attitude toward self.Scalp event-related brain potentials analysis revealed that self items in the congruent condition elicited a more positive ERP deflection than those in the incongruent condition between 350 and 450 ms after the onset of the self items(P300). P300 has been shown to be an index of attention to self-relevant.From the experiments above,the following conclusions are put forward:The homogeneity between heterogeneous high SE was that they want to get high respect from society.The risky decision making is an implicit method which was approptriate to distinguish implict difference between heterogeneous high SE participants.The P300 component was elicited both in explict SE and implict SE,which has been shown to be an index of attention to self-relevant.更多还原