【作者】 马凤才；

【导师】 赵连阁；

【作者基本信息】 沈阳农业大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 商品流通的目的是实现使用价值与使用价值的交换,满足人们生活多样性的需求。改革开放三十年,我们虽然在农产品流通上进行了相应的改革,可是农产品流通领域的改革远没有农业生产领域取得的预期效果大。随着我国城乡居民生活水平的不断提高,人们对农产品的消费由注重量的多少开始向注重多样化与营养要素的均衡化等质的方向发展,这就对如何快速、高效、安全地把农产品运到消费者手中提出了更高的要求。而农产品流通效率的高低恰恰是农产品快速、高效、安全到达消费者手中的决定性因素。因此,对农产品流通效率的研究具有十分重要的现实意义。近两年来我国北方大米价格低迷,南方大米价格较高,“北粮南运”由于各方面因素的制约变成了“北粮难运”。结果一方面使北方种粮农户的收益受到影响,另一方面因不能平抑粮价而使南方消费者福利受到很大的损失。本文正是在此背景之下,对稻米这一重要粮食品种的流通效率问题进行了研究。本文所说的稻米流通通道是指特定的产品——水稻从生产者到消费者所通过的渠道及其所涵盖的机构,产品的物质形态界定则是从水稻到大米。效率主要是指稻米流通通道的效率,主要包括流通通道各节点的效率和流通通道的交易效率。首先,本文运用时间序列数据对我国稻米流通通道进行了分析,对其整个发展历史进行了阶段划分,并进一步对每个阶段的流通通道结构构成进行了分析,给出了各阶段的稻米流通通道图。通过对我国稻米流通通道的分析表明:我国稻米流通通道的发展历史在我国相当长的时间内受国家流通政策影响,我国稻米流通通道经历了市场自由发展、计划经济再到市场经济发展的一个反复。随着我国社会主义市场经济制度的发展,流通通道也逐渐走向市场化。其次,根据生产与流通的关系,本文对黑龙江省农业生产进行了分析,明确了以黑龙江省稻米流通为研究对象的必要性;应用黑龙江省统计数据和实际调查数据对黑龙江省稻米流通通道进行了定性和定量的研究。通过定性研究绘出了黑龙江省包括各节点的稻米流通通道图:通过定量分析算出了稻米流通通道中各条通道的稻米流量和流通通道中各环节的单位收益;给出了黑龙江省目前的稻米流通通道的现状图;利用博弈论理论对黑龙江省稻米流通通道中农民与中间商的博弈进行了分析,结果表明农民处于博弈的不利地位;在上述分析的基础上分析了稻米流通通道中存在的主要问题。第三,本文从投入产出的角度分析了稻米流通整体效率达到最佳时的条件,并以米业公司、批发公司和粮店为对象分析了这些中间商的具体投入产出效率。结果表明米业公司的投入产出效率最低,批发公司与粮店的投入产出效率大体持平,米业公司成为制约稻米流通通道达到整体效率最佳的瓶颈。进一步地分析发现,在米业公司内部,又明显地分为两个部分,农垦米业公司的效率远远低于地方米业公司,这种差别表现为两个系统的差别,超出了企业自身经营的差别。其原因是农垦米业公司受其发展历史和经营战略的影响而导致的效率低下。进一步对米业公司进行的相对效率分析得出了与投入产出效率分析一致的结果——农垦米业公司效率不高。如果农垦米业公司彻底退出稻米流通,或者通过改进技术等措施提高流通效率,那么,稻米整体流通通道的效率瓶颈将会逐渐消除,稻米流通通道将会向最优化发展。为此本文对农垦米业公司的分年度效率进行了计算,通过动态效率的计算发现农垦米业公司的整体效率正逐渐改善,表明黑龙江省基于米业公司的稻米流通效率也是处于改善之中。第四,本文在分析一般农产品交易效率模型的基础上,以米业公司和粮库为研究对象,根据黑龙江省大米流通中实际发生的各种费用为计算依据,分不同情况计算了黑龙江省向外省市出售大米时的交易效率。首先分年度分别计算了2005年至2007年米业公司和粮库在有财务费用、无财物费用、有“方向费”及无“方向费”情况下的交易效率高低。验证了在一般理论模型中得出的结论。其次,以2005年至2006年北京与天津为研究对象计算了经超市和集市出售大米的交易效率大小,结果表明超市尽管出售价格较高,但是由于各种交易费用也很高,结果导致集市的交易效率高于超市的交易效率。最后,在上述实证分析的基础上,针对稻米流通效率低下存在的问题,在制度、体系建设和技术等层面提出了对策建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 The purpose of merchandise circulation is to realize exchange of use values and satisfy people’s diversified needs. Although China has reformed a lot in circulation of agricultural products, the result is not as good as that in reform of agricultural production. With rising living standard of Chinese urban and rural residents, people are paying more and more attention on balance between diversification and nutrition than quantity of agricultural products consumption; therefore, it is more necessary to guarantee agricultural products to reach the consumers rapidly and safely. It has great significance to study efficiency of agricultural products circulation because of it importance to achieve the above goal. In recent two years, price of rice in northern part of china keeps very low, while the price of rice in southern part of china maintains high; however, "transporting rice from north to south", for a variety of reasons becomes hard to realize, that is, it is very hard to transport rice from north to south". As a result, farmers in north suffer great loss; on the other hand, consumers also suffer loss because of the uneven price of rice. Based on that, this article conducts a study on how to improve efficiency of rice circulation.Circulation channels of rice mentioned in this article means channels of paddy from producers to consumers; the physical from is from paddy to rice. Efficiency here means efficiency of circulation channels of paddy, and it mainly includes efficiency of each single node of circulation channels and deal efficiency of circulation channels.Firstly, this article analyzes rice circulation channels of China by using time series data, and divides the whole development into phases, and further analyzes each phase’s circulation channel structure, and shows charts of them. Analysis of china’s rice circulation channels shows: the development of rice circulation channels in china is influenced by rice circulation policies in a long period, and china’s rice circulation channels have gone through repeating changes from free development of market and planned economy to market economy. With the development of socialist market economic system, the circulation channels are gradually tending towards marketization.Secondly, referring to the relationship between production and circulation, this article analyzes the agricultural production in Heilongjiang Province and stresses the necessity of taking the rice circulation in this province as the research target; and it also makes the qualitative and quantitative study of the rice circulation channels in Heilongjiang Province by making use of the statistics and the survey data. It describes the charts of the rice circulation channels in every node through the qualitative analysis; and it calculates the unit benefit of rice flow in each channel node via the quantitative analysis; and it also offers the present diagram of rice circulation in Heilongjiang Province; and by analyzing the positions between the peasant and intermediate merchants, it makes clear the adverse status of peasant in the view of the game theory, finally, it analyzes the main problems existing in the circulation channels of rice.Thirdly, from perspective of input-output analysis, this article talks about the conditions on which the overall efficiency of the circulation channel of rice could get the best point, and analyze the concrete input-output efficiency of intermediate merchants by using rice companies, wholesalers and grain shops as the study target. The result indicates that the input-output efficiency of rice companies is at the lowest level, but that of the wholesaler is roughly impartial with the grain shops, so the rice companies are the bottleneck of the top efficiency in circulation channel of rice. Further analysis shows that the internal organization in the rice company is clearly divided into two parts. The efficiency of Reclamation Rice Company is lower than that of local one.The result of this further analysis coincides with thatof efficiency of input-out analysis------efficiency of Reclamation rice company is not veryhigh. If Reclamation rice company thoroughly back off the circulation or increase the efficiency through improving circulation channels, the bottleneck will be eliminated, and the circulation channels will be optimized. Based on the calculation of annual efficiency of the Reclamation rice company, it indicates the improvement of overall efficiency of this company, which means that efficiency of rice circulation in Heilongjiang Province is also in its improvement.Fourthly, on the basis of analyzing the deal efficiency of the general agricultural product, this article takes the rice company and grain warehouse as the study objects, and calculates the deal efficiency under different circumstances when the rice was sold from Heilongjiang Province to outward according to fees caused during the rice circulation. First, this article separately calculates the annual deal efficiency of the rice company and the grain warehouse from 2005 to 2007 under the condition of with financial fees, without financial fees, with direction fees and without direction fees, thus verifies the conclusion drawn in general theory models. Besides, taking Beijing and Tianjin as the objects, this article calculates the deal efficiency when the rice was sold in supermarkets and in open air markets from 2005 to 2006 with the results showing that, although the selling price is high in supermarket, the efficiency in open air markets is higher than that of the supermarkets owing to types of large deal fees.Lastly, on the basis of above positive analysis, the paper put forward some measures from aspects of institution, system construction and technology.更多还原