中间人：流动与交换

【作者】 敏俊卿；

【导师】 丁宏；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 民族学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 经济人类学的研究启示我们,人类经济行为的背后隐含着文化、社会的意涵。作为交换物的“商品”不仅满足了人类的现实需求,而且成为不同人群互动的重要媒介,物被赋予了生命和灵魂,不同人群的互惠性交往关系具有社会生命的意义。人类的经济过程既是“自然的”,也是社会的,既是实在的,又是意象的。诚如经济人类学家波朗尼所言,经济“嵌合”(embed)在社会之中。这深刻地揭示了经济在人类社会生活中的多重意义。在回族的历史发展中,商业经济是其经济结构中重要的一极,甚至成为具有回族标识性的民族经济形式。然而,它如何与回族的生存、发展、群体认同发生密切的关系,并通过群体互动何以建立跨越多重边界的关系网络,实现区域社会的完整和完善?本文认为,回族商业经济行为由其重商价值伦理所塑造,受其所处的宏观时代背景和地方性自然地理、社群结构、权力关系所决定,在一定的社会连带中发生作用,并划定群体内外部的社会边界。本文选择地处青藏高原与黄土高原,农牧经济文化类型过渡和交汇地带的临潭旧城回商群体为案例,运用经济人类学的理论和方法进行个案研究。在人类学文化和结构的研究路径中侧重结构的表述。在论述中选取了“中间人”这一核心概念,它不同于以谋求利益最大化的“经济人”概念,而具有“道德人”和“社会人”的内涵。它是以经济理性为导引,通过商品的流动和交换,形成和建立多层次的群体经济、文化和社会互动体系的商业人群。本文分为九章,通过历时性和共时性相结合的方式梳理了旧城回商的发展、变迁的过程,并透过商业活动结成的群体关系网络呈现了回、藏、汉之间“人看我”和“我看人”的群体认同双向互动过程及意义。这一认同的建构与表达表现出一种同心圆式的差序格局。本文认为,商业活动是旧城回族在当地自然、社会和文化等多重困境中突出重围的生存策略。客观上,旧城回商以中间人的角色将自己与外部更大的世界,将内地与藏区的人群、社会进行了有效的联结。商业活动与回族群体认同的关系反映出,在当前的时代话语中,群体认同的多元化和复杂性特点,以及体现了回商群体透过经济行为对文化观念、生命本质的自我认知和实践过程;旧城回商面临的挑战和调整与中国社会转型时期社会分化之后的整合具有互为辩证的启示意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Economic Anthropology tells us that behind human economic behavior is existing the cultural and social significance. The exchange of objects as "merchandise" is not only to meet the realities of human needs but also to serve as important interactive media between different groups of people. Materials have been given the life and soul. As a result, relation ships between different goups of people which is based on reciprocity bears social meaning of life. The economic process is not only "natural", but also of society. it is both real and imagery. As economic anthropologist Polanyi put it, economy is embeded in society. This reveals the profound multiple significances of economy in social life of the humankind.During the historical development of Hui, so important part of Hui’s economic structure has been the commerce that it even becomes a logo of Hui ethnic economy. However, how is it closely related with survival, development, and group identity of Hui ethnic group, and how does it set up the relationship between the networks across multiple borders, thus attaining the integrity and improvement of the regional society? This article holds that the commercial activities of the Hui is not only shaped by its business ethics but also determined by its historical context and local physical geography, community structure and power relations. Furthurmore, the commercial activities of the Hui play a role in the context of social involvements and set internal and external social borders of the goup.Making use of theory and methodology of economic anthropology, this article conducts a case study by choosing Hui business group in the "old city" area of Lintan county which is regarded as transitional and intersectional zone between two cultural types of pastoral and agricutural economies because it is located between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Loess Plateau. More attention is paid to structure approach in terms of cultural and structural methods of anthropology research. "Middleman" as a core concept is selected in the research. "Middleman" is different from the concept of "economic man" who is in pursuit of maximizing the interests in that it has a connotation of "moral person" and "societal person". "Middleman" hereby refers to a business group who have set up a multi-level economic cultural and social interaction system through the flow and exchange of merchandise under the guidance of economical rationality.This article is divided into nine chapters. It clarifies the development and the process of change of Hui business group in the "old city". By analyzing the formation of a network through commercial activity, group identity and two-way interactive process and their significance between Hui, Tibetan and Han are revealed. The construction and expression of the identity showcases Concentric Diversity-Orderly Structure. This article holds that Hui in the "old city" used commercial activity as a survival strategy by which they break through multiple tight encirclement formed by local natural, social and cultural difficulties. Objectively speaking, the "old city’ Hui business group as a "middleman" carried out an effective link not only between themselves with greater outside world but also between inner China and Tibetan people. The relationship between the commercial activities and Hui group identity reflects the diversity and complexity of the group identity in the current discourse of the time as well as the nature of self-awareness and practice process. Challenges and adjustment encountered by the "old city" Hui business group carry dialetical revealing significance in the context of the integration after the differentiation of society in the process of transformation of Chinese society.更多还原