【作者】 王东明；

【导师】 孙柏涛；

【作者基本信息】 中国地震局工程力学研究所 ， 防灾减灾工程及防护工程， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 实践证明，开展地震紧急救援工作是防震减灾的关键举措之一，是震后最大程度减少人员伤亡的必要政府行为。“科学救援”是现代救援的重要理念，如何确保“双安全”，即幸存者和救援人员本身的安全是救援行动中最为重要的问题。救援技能和水平的提高依靠科学的培训，现实的情况往往无法不断提供大震巨灾的模拟训练环境，而虚拟仿真技术可以构建出逼真的虚拟震灾场景和救援废墟环境。不同规模的虚拟地震灾场，能让救援队员了解严酷的真实救援环境，并可根据具体虚拟废墟开展救援策略和方法的研讨。由此可见，开展灾场模拟和虚拟仿真训练系统对救援训练来说，具有极其重要的现实意义。本文对地震灾害场景仿真模拟技术与方法、地震救援虚拟仿真训练系统等开展初步的探索性研究。主要研究内容摘要如下：一、系统仿真的理论阐述从系统科学、建模理论及相似方法等角度出发，论述了系统仿真的理论基础，阐述了系统仿真的涵义、分类方法、研究过程、技术特性及适用范围等。为本文的研究奠定基本的理论基础。二、基于震害仿真模型的建立方法总结了多层砖房、钢筋砼框架结构及砖(土)木结构的典型震害特征，从大量震害图片中提取典型震害特征并进行Photoshop图形处理，建立典型震害特征图形库；应用外部建模软件3DSMax建立多层砖房、框架结构、砖(土)木结构的5个破坏等级的三维震害仿真模型，为本文地震灾场仿真模型提供了驱动的主体。三、建筑废墟的分类方法提出基于救援的建筑废墟分类方法，依据废墟的用途与功能将其分为现场救援废墟、救援训练废墟、救援演练废墟、救援仿真废墟、救援沙盘废墟等五类，并初步给出定义和基本内涵。为今后针对废墟的救援研究工作奠定了基础。四、地震灾害场景仿真模型确定了地震灾害场景仿真模型的研究目标，并依此给出了模型的功能组成和研究思路；阐明了地震灾害场景中的影响场是不限于特定地震地质背景的具有普遍意义的地震影响场估计，介绍了几种可用于本模型的震中烈度与震级关系模型、地震烈度圆形衰减模型，并按照等面积原则计算了96个已发生地震的烈度等效圆半径，建立数据库进行管理；提出以破坏等级为桥梁，基于震害预测方法的虚拟地震灾害场景内房屋震害状态与分布控制模型，通过数学方法推演完成了153个历史地震的几类结构的震害矩阵，并建立数据库进行管理。五、地震灾害场景仿真生成系统利用计算机仿真技术，编程实现了地震灾害场景仿真模型，开发了虚拟地震灾害场景仿真生成系统；通过系统的想定参数设置，系统生成了设定地震的虚拟灾场，模拟了随影响场的空间分布、不同房屋结构不同震害的空间分布特征；系统生成的灾场环境逼真，验证了地震灾害场景仿真模型的可靠性，体现了震害三维仿真模型的逼真效果；系统支持在虚拟灾害场景中添加房屋震害模型，并实现了基于碰撞检测的废墟再修改和生成系统，扩展了系统的功能。六、地震救援虚拟仿真训练系统总结了地震救援行动的原则和方法，着重阐述了营救行动的多个业务模型；主要介绍了地震救援虚拟仿真训练系统的功能设计、整体设计、结构组成及训练想定、系统结构、仿真资源的管理、虚拟人的控制，操作子系统的基本功能等。更多还原

【Abstract】 Practice has proved that Earthquake Emergency Rescue is one of the keymeasures of Earthquake prevention and Disaster Reduction;it is a necessarygovernment behavior to reduce the casualties after earthquake in the maximaldegree.‘Scientific Rescue’is an important conception of modern rescue,andthat how to ensure‘Double Safety’,safety of both survivals and rescuers,isthe most important concern in the rescue action.The improving of Rescueskills and levels needs scientific training,and yet the simulative trainingenvironments usually cannot be provided in the practice,while the livingsimulative earthquake disaster scenes and ruins environments can bepresented by Virtual Simulation Technology.Simulative earthquake disasterspots of different scales can make rescuers understand the rigorousness ofthe actual rescue environments efficiently,and based on the concretesimulative ruins,the rescue strategies and methods can be developed.So,there is an extremely important practical significance to develop the system ofearthquake disaster scene simulation and virtual simulation training for rescuetraining.The preliminary exploratory study of simulative skills and method ofearthquake disaster scenes and Virtual Simulation Training System ofEarthquake Rescue is presented in this paper.And the main research contentsare as follows:(1).Theoretical Explanation to System SimulationFrom the point of view of System Science,Modeling Theory andSimilarity Method etc,this paper has discussed the theoretical basis of SystemSimulation,and described the meaning,classification method,researchprocess,technical characteristic and application scope etc,which laid abasic theoretical foundation of the research in this paper.(2).Establishing Method of Simulation Model Based on Seismic DamageTypical seismic damage characteristics to multistory masonry building,reinforced concrete frame structure and brick-wood (brick-and-clay) structurehave been summarized.Using software,Photoshop image processing,typicalseismic damage characteristics have been extracted from lots of seismicdamage pictures.And Graphic Library of typical seismic damagecharacteristic is established with Photoshop.3-d simulation model ofearthquake damage with five damage grades of multi-storey brick building,frame structure and brick-wood (brick-and-clay) structure is established,using external modeling software 3DSMax,which provides the driven subject ofsimulation model of earthquake disaster scene.(3).Classification Method of Building RuinsClassification method based on rescue building ruins is proposed.According to the use and function of ruins,they are classified into five kindsas follows:site rescue ruin,rescue training ruin,rescue practicing ruin,rescuesimulation ruin and rescue sand table ruin,definitions and basic intensions aregiven at the same time,which establishes the foundation for rescue research inruins in the future.(4).Simulation Model of Earthquake Disaster SceneThe research objective of simulation model of earthquake disaster sceneis determined and the functional composition,the research thought of themodel are given based on the objective.In the paper it clarifies that theinfluence field in earthquake disaster scene is a general earthquake influencefield estimation that without the limit of specific seismogeologicalbackground,and introduces several relationship models of the epicentralintensity and the magnitude and circular attenuation models of earthquakeintensity which can be used to this model.The radius of equivalent circle of96 historic earthquake intensities are calculated according to the equal areaprinciple and the database is established in this paper.As the damage grade abridge,the model of the earthquake damage states of buildings in virtualearthquake disaster scene and the model of Distributed Control are presentedbased on seismic damage prediction method.The seismic damage matrix ofseveral structures in 153 historical earthquakes is deduced by mathematicmethod and the database is established.(5).Simulation Generation System of Earthquake Disaster SceneUsing computer simulation technology,the simulation model ofearthquake disaster scene has been programmed and the simulation generationsystem of virtual earthquake disaster scene exploited.Given a parametersetting,the system has generated virtual disaster scene of scenario earthquakeand simulated spatial distribution characteristic of different earthquakedamages with spatial distribution of influence fields and different buildingstructures.The verisimilitude of disaster scenes generated by the system hasverified the reliability of the simulation model of earthquake disaster scene,which reflects true-to-life effect of 3-d simulation model of earthquakedisaster.The system supports to add building damage models to virtualearthquake disaster scene,and the system of ruin remodification and regeneration is realized based on collision detection has been implemented andfunctions of the system extended.(6).Virtual Simulation Training System of Earthquake RescueThe principles and methods of earthquake rescue are summarized andsome rescue models are emphatically described.This paper mainly introducesthe function design,whole design,structure composition of the virtualsimulation training system of earthquake rescue,and training scenario,systemstructure,management of simulation resources,the control of virtual human,basic functions of operation subsystems,ect.更多还原