【作者】 杨红军；

【导师】 张洪海；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 野生动植物保护与利用， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 2004年7月至2006年1月,作者在内蒙古东部的呼伦贝尔市达赉湖自然保护区对狼(Canis lupus)的家域(home range)和生境选择进行了研究。通过无线电跟踪和足迹跟踪,记录狼的标记点(尿或粪等)和最远活动地点的地理坐标,运用最小凸多边形法计算狼的家域和领域(territory)面积。使用Google earth对家域的结构进行可视化处理。研究结果表明:狼的家域随着草原上草木枯荣的物候变化而发生改变。内蒙古东部草原地区可以划分为两个物候期,一个是当年的10月至第二年4月的枯草期。这一时期牧草枯萎,地面长期被雪覆盖,时间长达7个月。另一物候期是5月至9月的丰草期。根据狼的活动频度可以把狼的枯草期家域划分为三个部分,即核心区(core)、领域(territory)和巡游区(cruise area)。家域面积457 km~2。每只狼平均占有76～91km~2。其中核心区(core)为一片岛状芦苇草原,呈西北-东南走向,最大长度3.2km,宽度1.6km,面积4 km~2,占家域总面积的1%;狼的领域面积112km~2,平均每只狼占有19～22km~2,占家域面积的25%;巡游区面积为345km~2,占75%。从功能的角度划分,狼的家域结构可分为两个区,一是休息区,即岛状芦苇草原,狼群整个白天或者没有出去捕食的夜晚均在这里休息。如果夜晚出去捕食或巡游也会在早晨回到这里。家域的其它部分为觅食活动区。狼在丰草期的家域呈靴形,南北最大距离22km,东西最大距离28km,周长83km,面积318 km~2,平均每只狼占有面积53～63 km~2。其结构可分为休息区(restarea)和觅食活动区(preying area)两个部分,其中休息区占家域面积的1.5%,觅食活动区占98.5%。狼的家域选择首先受到宏观地理条件的限制,地理条件不仅包括地质地貌等自然景观,也包括人文景观。狼不接近人口密集的城镇、村落,这些因素限制了狼的家域的发展,本次所研究的狼群的家域位于达赉湖、沙岗和人口密集村落所围成的区域内。狼的家域的生境包括芦苇草原、芨芨草草原、矮草草原、沙地(沙地包括湖岸平沙地和沙丘)、湖面(冰面)和居民点。狼对于这几种生境都有利用。狼在生境抽样时,起点和终点是核心区的芦苇草原。长距离抽样的折返点多在居民点附近,而短距离抽样的折返点则包括各种生境类型,且对每一种生境类型的选择没有显著的差异。在冬季狼的活动对雪深因子没有明显的选择。狼可能以小群(1-2只)或大群(4-6只)对生境进行巡查(包括觅食),在丰草期日平均巡查的时间为8小时,在枯草期日平均15小时。狼正在使用的洞穴在家域的中心地带,全部位于芦苇草原内。狼洞穴通常位于倒伏芦苇的东南缘,洞口附近有面积不等的直立芦苇,这些芦苇的密度和盖度比其它地区高。狼的休息洞穴较浅,在36-90cm之间,平均58cm;洞的长度为55-205cm,平均长度110cm。狼的繁殖洞穴较长,有200cm左右,在距离洞穴十几米处有特殊的用于排便的空地。狼的食物主要为家畜,家畜在狼的粪便中出现的频率为70%,其相对生物量在狼的食物总量中的比例高达92.8%。兔类和啮齿类在狼的粪便中出现的频数占20.2%,而生物量只占7.2%。如果以个体数计算,每100个狼的粪样中有一个家畜,有兔类和啮齿类有13.4个。家畜的分布对狼的家域的形状影响很大,而家畜通常饲养在牧民点的附近,也就是牧民点的分布对狼的家域的形状具有决定性的影响作用。狼在芦苇草原、芨芨草草原、矮草草原和牧民点等生境中对羊均有捕食,其中在居民点捕食量最大。对牛的捕食生境有三类,捕食马利用两类生境,对骆驼的捕食只在芨芨草草原进行,而且只有一次。没有发现狼在沙地捕食牲畜。水源距离狼的洞穴区较远,在2.5km以上,但在洞穴附近有狼所挖取的水洞。人为因素对狼的影响非常巨大,可以说是决定性的影响。人类的活动使狼的主要野生食物丧失,人类饲养的家畜成为狼赖以生存的食物资源。人类的分布决定家畜的分布从而影响狼的家域的形状和大小。人类由传统的骑马放牧的方式转变为骑摩托车放牧,速度的提高压缩了空间,使狼以草原的广阔作为逃跑隐蔽的功能完全丧失。人为干扰因素再也不能简单地以狼的活动密集区与居民点或道路等的距离来计算。狼恐惧人类、躲避人类又不得不到人类附近去求得生存的食物,狼目前处于一种非常尴尬的境地。更多还原

【Abstract】 In 2004,7～2006,1,A research on the home range and habitat selection of the wolves(Canis lupus) had been done at the eastern area of the Inner Mongolia.By radio tracking and feet tracking,we recorded the geographical coordinate of the location of the markers(include urine and feces etc.) and the furthest spoor of the wolves.The acreage of the home range and territory of the wolves was estimated by the minimum convex polygon method. The dimensional data of the home range is dealt with the "Google earth" The results as follows:The home range of the wolves changes in different seasons.The east of inner Mongolia grass area can be regarded as two seasons:one is Autumn-Winter season or the plant withering period from October to the next April, in this period,the grass is shriveled and the ground is covered with snow for a long time.The other is Spring-Summer season or the plant green period from May to September.According to the activity of the wolves,the plant withering period home range was divided into three parts:core area,territory and cruise area. The whole home range was 457km~2,each wolf covered 76～91km~2 on the average. The core area was a site of island-shaped dried reed swamp,showing a northwest-southeast direction,the maximum length is 3.2km,the width was 1.6km,covering an area of 4 km~2,which was 1%of the whole home range of the wolves;The territory area was 112km~2,each wolf covered 19～22km~2 on the average,which was 25%of the whole home range of the wolves;The cruise area was 345km~2,which was 75%of the whole home range of wolves;Based on the function,the home range structure of the wolves was zoned into two parts:one was called rest area,namely island-shaped dried reed swamp where the wolves had rest during all the daytime or the nights when they didn’t cruise outside.The other was activity area for preying.The Plant green period home range of the wolves was shaped "L".The acreage was 318km~2,each wolf covered 53～63km~2 on the average.The structure could be divided into two parts:rest area and preying area,the rest area was 1.5%of the whole home range of the wolves,the preying area was 98.5%.The habitat for home range included dried reed swamp,Jiji grass (Achnatherum splendens),short grass,sand,iced lake and inhabitant area.The sites of departure and terminal points of the habitat sampling of the wolves were the dried reed swamp of the core area.The retracing place for long distance sampling is mostly located in near inhabitant area.In winter, the wolves’ movement had no obvious selection in the depth of the snow.The wolves cruised in a smaller group(1-2 wolves) or a larger one(4-6 wolves). The average cruise time was 8 hours in the plant green period,15 hours in the plant withering period.The caves for the wolves lied in the center of the home range,usually locating at the southeast edge of the lodged reeds.The density and cover degree for the reeds at entrance to the caves were higher and denser than those in other regions.The caves for the wolves were shallow,the depth is about in 36-90cm,was 58cm on the average;the length of the cave was 55-205cm,the average is 110cm.The length or the breeding caves for the wolves were about 200cm.There were special space lands near the caves in the reeds,where the wolves daily defecated.The food of the wolves was mainly livestock.The frequency of the occurrence of the debris of livestock is 70%in the scats of the wolves,its relative biomass reached to 92.8%.The livestock’s distributing had a great effect on the shape of home range of the wolves,and the livestock usually was raised around tenements,which the distributing of the tenements had a crucial effect on the shape of home range of the wolves.Wellspring was over 2.5 kilometers from the caves area of the wolves. But there occurred two water cavities near the caves dug by the wolves.The artificial factors had a decisive influence on the wolves.Man’s activities made wolves lose their main natural food.The livestock became the main food source on which wolves lived.Mankind’s distributing determined the distributing of the livestock,which had a great effect on the shape and size of home range.At present,the ride grazing way has been changed into motorcycle grazing.The higher speed shortens the space distance,and the wolves lose the function of which the wolves escape and concealed themselves in the wide grass.The artificial interference factor is so large that they couldn’t be estimated simply by the distance of the caves of the wolves from inhabitant or roads etc.The wolf fears the mankind, and evades the mankind,but they have to seek the food near mankind’s habitat.At present,the wolf is placed in a very embarrassed condition.更多还原