以色列民族构建研究

【作者】 李志芬；

【导师】 王铁铮；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 世界史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 1948年以色列国的建立堪称现代国际关系史上的一个奇迹,它是一小部分充满民族理想的犹太复国主义者的艰苦奋斗、大国的扶植以及20世纪初剧烈变动的国际形势共同作用的结果。犹太人独特的历史及其非同寻常的建国之路给以色列民族国家打上了深深的烙印,使其民族国家构建既具有典型性,又具有特殊性。本文对以色列民族国家构建的研究主要侧重于民族的构建,即探讨和分析以色列作为一个现代民族国家其国族的形成和民众统一归属感的达成。围绕这一主题和贯穿全文的线索,笔者选取了当前困扰以色列社会的意识形态争论、主体族类犹太人与少数族类阿拉伯人、塑造单一的民族文化认同与移民社会的多元文化现实,以及宗教与世俗这四组以色列社会中带有根本性和全局性的基本矛盾,以专题的形式对之进行逐一分析和探讨。不可否认,随着以色列经济的发展,综合国力的提高与社会政治体制的不断完善,国家构建已基本完成,并取得了令人注目的成就。然而其民族构建却步履蹒跚,远远滞后于国家构建,意识形态、族群、宗教等各种因素交织在一起,其间充满了诸多矛盾与分歧。在写作过程中,本文在马克斯唯物主义史观的理论指导下,运用理论分析与历史透视相结合的方法,通过分析与研究,笔者得出以下结论:1、劳工犹太复国主义、修正派犹太复国主义和宗教犹太复国主义是犹太复国主义运动的三大思想派别,三者在建立、发展和维护犹太国这一共同的目标下既合作又斗争,它们是以色列民族构建的基本力量,共同形塑着当今以色列社会的面貌。2、犹太复国主义是主导以色列社会的基本意识形态,但其原有的霸权地位已受到削弱,不得不同时面对着来自宗教极端右翼势力的新犹太复国主义和来自温和左翼精英分子的后犹太复国主义的双重挑战。3、熔炉政策的实施对于塑造统一的民族认同和社会性文化是十分必要的。然而以优势族群的文化模式为样板,以消除和牺牲弱势群体的文化权益为代价的族群整合政策,客观上却产生了族群分层与族群文化认同这一事与愿违的结果。4、无论是主体族类犹太人内部的东方犹太人和前苏联移民,还是少数族类阿拉伯人,都在族群分层和族群认同的基础上进行族类动员,形成以色列政治生活中的族类政治。5、在犹太复国主义思想的指导下,以色列的民族构建被完全等同于犹太民族的重建和复兴,阿拉伯人被视为主体族类的异己排斥在民族构建的进程之外,成为以色列民族国家建设的受害者、牺牲者。6、宗教势力对以色列社会无所不在的渗透及对政治生活的干预,使以世俗化、现代化为基本治国思想的以色列国民文化呈现出浓厚的传统性色彩,同时更酿成了以色列社会内部最严重的民族认同危机。7、在以色列民族构建的进程中,意识形态、族群与宗教这三大因素相互影响、相互制约、存在着彼此互动的关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 It could be called a miracle in the modern history that the emergence of Israel in 1948. It was the outcome of three factors: the struggle of a group of Zionist, the support of great countries and the changing world situation in early 20th century. The special history of Jews and the extraordinary road of its country-building have a huge impact on Israel nation-building. This thesis explores the formation of Israeli nation and the formation of its citizens’ attachment to the nation. Under this theme, I choose four pairs of contradictions that beset oday’s Israeli society: the controversy of Ideology, the contradictions of national morority Jews and the national minority Arabs, the idea of modeling a single national culture and the reality of pluralistic culture, the conflict of religion and secularism. These topics compose the main body of the thesis.The fact is that, with the development of Israel’s economy, the improvement of it’s state power and the political system, the state-building of Israel is going to be finished, and achieved noticeable success. While on the other hand, Israel’s nation-building is slow, lags far behind its state-building. Ideology, ethnic group and religion mingles with each other, brings many paradox and divergence. This thesis is guided by Marx’s materialist conception of history. Through analysis and study, I have reached following conculsion:1、Zionsim is composed of Labor Zionism, Revisism Zionism and Religion Zionism. Under the common aim of building Israel and maintain its development, these three schools collaborate while struggle, and become the main force of Israel nation-building.2、Zionism is the dominant ideology of Israel’s political and social life, but the hegemony status of it has been weakened. It has o face the challenge of Neo-Zionism from the redical right camp and Post-Zionsim from the democratic left camp.3、Melting-pot policy is necessary for creat a united national identity and civic culture. Israel’s melting-pot policy is directed by the Western and modern culture of Ashkenazi, the outcome is the emergence of ethnic stratification and ethnic identity.4、On the basis of ethnic identity, orential Jews and former Soviet immigrants, as well as Arabs, all build ethnic political parties. The politicizing of ethnic group is the important feature of Israel’s political life.5、Under the Zionism ideology , Israel’s nation-building is equaled with Jewish re-construction and revival. Arabs are excluded Israel’s nation-building as outsiders, and become the "internal colonized" national minority.6、Judaism’s great impact on society and religion party’s excessive political power make Israel wavered between secular democracy and theocracy. The divergence and conflict of them has led Israel’s gravest national identiy crisis, which limits the normal and healthy development of Israeli domestic affairs and foreign affairs.7、In the process of Israel’s nation-building, ideology, ethnic group and religion coordinate and condition with each other, there is an interactive relationship among these three factors.更多还原