【作者】 郑信军；

【导师】 岑国桢；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 道德敏感性是道德行为发生之前逻辑上的初始心理成分,包含着认知与情感的复杂交互作用。本研究在系统梳理有关道德敏感性的理论与实证研究的基础上,认为道德敏感性是在个体的道德生活和道德经验基础上形成的,对道德价值的优先反应趋向和对道德问题的敏锐觉察与解释能力。道德敏感性包含着倾向性道德敏感和情境性道德敏感两个重要成分。其中,倾向性道德敏感是建立在道德价值优先的态度基础上的反应倾向性,是道德敏感性的静态结构成分;情境性道德敏感则是个体在情境中自觉觉察道德线索和发现道德问题,以道德思考来审视情境的心理能力,是道德敏感性的动态结构成分。围绕上述两个成分及其关系,论文展开了两个部分的实证研究。第一部分的实证研究主要围绕倾向性道德敏感及其相关问题展开。研究一分析了倾向性道德敏感的结构,并在此基础上编制了倾向性道德敏感问卷;研究二提取了公众对道德敏感性的特质理解维度,并比较了其与倾向性道德敏感的关系;研究三考察了内隐倾向性道德敏感和外显倾向性道德敏感的关系及其预测变量;研究四检测了个体对不道德现象的道德觉察及其与倾向性道德敏感的关系。第二部分的实证研究主要围绕情境性道德敏感及其相关问题展开。研究五从方法学视角分析了情境性道德敏感的本质,并在此基础上开发了基于无结构性问题的道德敏感性测评工具;研究六探讨了情境的问题特征和问题呈现方式对情境性道德敏感的影响;研究七考察了概念启动和情绪启动对于情境性道德敏感的唤醒激活作用。上述实证研究所获得的若干结论如下。1.倾向性道德敏感是一个由道德主题、角色卷入、道德敏感性内在特征等多维嵌含关系构成的道德心理结构。在此基础上所编制的倾向性道德敏感问卷(DMSQ)包含移情内疚、惩罚倾向、移情烦扰、觉察频率和共感想象等五个因子,且具有较理想的心理测量学指标特征。2.大学生关于道德敏感性的内隐特质观可以概括为积极特征、消极特征、内省特征与外倾特征等四个因子;大学生被试对于道德敏感者的评价总体上倾向于积极肯定;大学生对道德敏感性的内隐特质观与其自我报告的倾向性道德敏感在多个侧面有着显著的相关性。3.大学生被试外显的倾向性道德敏感与内隐的倾向性道德敏感没有显著相关。与道德态度强度相比,自我监控变量更能预测大学生被试内隐倾向性道德敏感与外显倾向性道德敏感的分离。4.刺激呈现速度、任务等外部因素与个体内在的倾向性道德敏感都能直接影响个体对道德问题的选择性注意和识别;个体的倾向性道德敏感对觉察与识别道德问题的作用要受到时间、任务等外部因素的制约。5.在无结构性情境故事基础上所编制的道德敏感性测评系统兼具定性评定和定量分析的特征,反映了情境性道德敏感的本质。部分心理测量学指标符合要求。该测评系统还有待进一步完善。6.情境的问题特征和问题呈现方式在一定程度上影响道德敏感性。在本研究中,问题的道德强度的接近性维度比后果可能性维度对情境性道德敏感有更显著的效应,而道德问题框架只在较表浅的加工层面上影响到个体对非无结构性问题的认知方向。7.道德概念在特定的无结构性故事情境中具有启动效应,而认知方式则主要通过道德概念启动发挥其唤醒和注意偏向作用。在本研究中,诱发性情境故事的情绪启动对情境性道德敏感没有显著效应,而倾向性道德敏感和特质移情对情境性道德敏感具有协变量主效应。本研究作为国内第一项有关道德敏感性的心理学研究,着重在其结构成分、测评手段、启动激活等方面做了初步的探索。所获得的研究结果在丰富道德心理学学科体系,促进道德社会化心理机制的深入研究上具有重要的理论意义,在推进社会主义道德建设、学校德育实践,促进人员测评中的德性考核手段的丰富化与科学化等方面具有实践意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Moral Sensitivity [MS] refers to the initially psychological components of logic before moral action, including the interaction between cognitive and emotion. Based on systematical reviews on theories and Empirical Researches on MS, this dissertation regards that MS, developing from individual moral life and experiences, is the prior reflection tendency to moral value and an ability to detect and explain moral problems. It is composed of two major parts: dispositional moral sensitivity and contextual moral sensitivity. Dispositional moral sensitivity [DMS] is the reflection disposition based on moral value priority, belonging to the static element of MS; contextual moral sensitivity [CMS], dynamic structural element of MS, refers to the psychological ability that individuals need to perceive the moral hints and problems and evaluate the context from the respect of moral thinking. This dissertation undertakes two parts empirical researches focused on the two elements and their relationships.The first part of the empirical research concentrates on the DMS and its relative problems, including four sub-studies. Study 1 analyses the structure of DMS and compile the questionnaires of DMS. Study 2 investigates the implicit theories on MS and probes the relationships between implicit theories on MS and DMS. Furthermore, study 3 probes the relationship between the implicit DMS and explicit DMS. Study 4, explores the relationship between moral perception to the immoral phenomena and individual DMS.The second part of the empirical research focuses on CMS and its relative problems, including three sub-studies. Study 5 analyses the nature of CMS from the respect of methodology and develop the CMS evaluation instrument based on unstructured problems. Study 6 probes the influences of characteristics of issue and its presented way on CMS. Finally, study 7 attempts to probe the concept priming and affective priming and their arousal impact.From the researches above, this dissertation comes to conclusions as follows:1. DMS is a morally psychological structure composed of moral theme, role involvement and MS intrinsic characteristics. Based on the conclusion the Dispositional Moral Sensitivity Questionnaires(DMSQ) contains five factors: guilt of empathy, punitivity, intrusiveness of empathy, frequency of perception, imagination with sympathy, which is in conformity with the requirements of psychometrics, and has satisfactory reliability and validity.2. The college students’implicit theories on MS can be described as four factors: positive characteristic, negative characteristic, introspective characteristic and extroversion characteristic, which tend to be positive. The study displays that there is a distinctive relation between college students’implicit theories on MS and their self-reported DMS respects.3. The study shows that there is not a clear relation between the implicit DMS and explicit DMS of the surveyed students. Compared with the attitude strength of moral, self-monitor can more effectively predict the disparities between college students’implicit DMS and explicit DMS.4. Both the external factors as the speed of stimulation, task etc, and the internal factor as DMS of individuals can directly affect their selective attention and recognization on moral problems; the effect of individual DMS on perceiving and recognizing moral issues is affected by such factors as time and task etc.5. The CMS evaluating system based on the unstructured context can be used to undertake qualitative evaluation and quantitative analysis, but not all of the indices meet the requirements of psychometrics. The evaluation system needs greater improvement.6. Both the characteristics of issue and the presented way of issue can affect the moral sensitivity on a degree. In this study, the proximity of the moral intensity has more significant effect on CMS than probability of effect. Whereas, moral issue- framing just superficially affects individuals’cognitive direction on unstructured issues.7. The moral concept has priming effect in a special unstructured story context, while cognitive styles play a role in arousing and selective bias through moral concept priming. In this research, the affective priming in the evoked context has no significant effect on CMS, but DMS and trait empathy as covariates have main effect on CMS.As the first psychological research on moral sensitivity in our country, this research makes a limited attempt to probe its structure, evaluating measures and mechanism of activation etc. In private, the author believes that the research can enrich the moral psychology system, do a great theoretical contribution to the promote study on moral socialization and it has a great practical significance in promoting the socialist moral construction, school moral practice and improving the enrichment and scientific process of personnel assessment.更多还原