【作者】 邵海；

【导师】 许明月；

【作者基本信息】 重庆大学 ， 环境与资源保护法学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 侵权法有着悠久的发展历史,大致可以被分成如下三个阶段:古代侵权法、近代侵权法与现代侵权法。不同阶段的侵权法是特定历史时期社会经济发展的需要,体现了不同的法律理念,并在此基础上构建了不同的具体制度。任何社会中的制度性安排都有其深刻的社会背景,并随着社会政治、经济、文化、伦理、道德等诸因素的变化而发展变化,侵权法亦不例外。进入现代社会以来,在整个民法领域,侵权法的发展是最为迅速的,主要表现为:侵权法的内容不断丰富,侵权法的边界一直在扩张,侵权法的理论也在不断深入,侵权法在法律体系中的地位越来越重要。在这一背景下,现代侵权法的理念开始发生根本性的变化,即由过去的理性主义走向理性主义与人本主义的结合。现代侵权法更加强调对人的尊重,更加关注受害人的利益保护和救济:即使不存在过错,但是为了救济受害人,也应采取适当的方式分散风险、转移损失。虽然侵权法自身也在不断地经历变革,并试图以此为基础适应新的需要,但事实证明,如果没有其他制度(如社会保障制度、责任保险制度等)的配合与协力,侵权法自身的各种努力并不能从根本上解决问题。因此,侵权法与其他制度的协调就自然成了人们关注的焦点,并为此做出了积极的尝试,责任保险应运而生并获得迅速的发展。责任保险作为一种新生事物,在其产生之初,其法律上的正当性并没有立即获得认可。但是,责任保险发展到今天,其合法性早已为各国保险法所承认:在责任保险合同中,投保人对于保险标的(民事赔偿责任)具有合法的保险利益——消极的期待利益,凭借此种保险措施,对于因偶然事故的发生所蒙受的金钱损失或不利益,投保人将会获得赔偿。对社会公众来说,责任保险的合理性也被视为理所当然,甚至被当作衡量一个国家保险业发达与否的尺度。毋庸置疑,责任保险的出现给侵权法带来了全面的影响,以至于不考虑责任保险的因素就不可能正确理解现代侵权法的实际运作状况并预测其未来的发展前景。但是,责任保险对侵权法的影响到底有哪些?是积极的影响还是消极的影响?或者兼而有之?如有消极影响,我们应该如何加以克服?这些问题看似简单,实则复杂,必须加以全面深入的探讨,才能找到比较合理的答案。责任保险的存在对侵权法特别是现代侵权法的影响是全面而又深刻的,如责任保险对侵权法的价值与功能的影响、责任保险对侵权法归责原则的影响、责任保险对侵权诉讼程序的影响以及责任保险影响下现代侵权法中具体制度的废除或建立等。责任保险对侵权法的价值如安全价值、平等价值与正义价值(分配正义与矫正正义)都产生了影响,引领着现代侵权法的价值目标从矫正正义逐步走向分配正义。责任保险一方面促进了侵权法的赔偿功能获得实现,另一方面也在一定程度上威胁到了侵权法所追求的损害预防功能和制裁功能。不可否认的是,侵权法归责原则的变迁有其自身的原因,但责任保险的发展无疑在这一过程中发挥了非常重要的作用。如果没有责任保险这一风险(损失)分散机制的存在,严格责任原则与无过错责任原则的建立和发展都可能会成为无源之水,既有的利益平衡状态可能会被打乱。责任保险对侵权诉讼程序的影响表现在两个方面:责任保险的存在增加了受害人寻求侵权救济的激励,受害人将更乐意提起侵权之诉;责任保险的存在将第三人(保险公司)卷入诉讼程序,改变了受害人的诉讼策略,增加了受害人获得赔偿的可能性。对侵权制度的变革特别是现代侵权法的扩张而言,责任保险的影响是非常深刻的,如某些侵权免责事项的废除、产品责任的发展、市场份额责任的发展、董事责任的发展等。可以说,责任保险的兴起和逐步普遍化极大地促进了侵权制度在现代社会的发展,这将有利于更为全面地保护受害人的利益,实现社会经济的稳定和人类文明的进步。责任保险制度能够在很多方面给现代侵权法的发展注入新的活力,正是由于责任保险制度的充分发展和逐步普遍化,现代侵权法获得了前所未有的革新。为了厘清责任保险对侵权法的影响并对现代侵权法的未来发展方向加以展望,我们还必须深入分析责任保险影响之下现代侵权法的地位问题:一是侵权责任与责任保险之间的关系,明确责任保险的依赖性,如果没有侵权责任的存在,责任保险将无所依附;二是现代侵权法的危机问题,侵权法的“危机”是多方面原因引起的,既有其自身的原因,也有外部原因,如责任保险与社会保障制度的建立,但废除侵权法的想法是不成熟的,不符合社会生活的实际,也可能使整个社会的价值观发生根本性的变化。在我国,由于社会保障制度不完善、侵权行为人的赔偿能力有限、有益于社会的危险产业大量存在、第一人保险和责任保险的发展相对落后等因素的影响,实现责任保险与侵权法的调适就显得格外重要。中国现行侵权行为法的条文在数量上并不少,但在内容以及立法思想方面有一些缺点:如侵权法的地位问题没有得到解决;侵权法的体系不完整,对权利的保护不全面;没有充分考虑到责任保险对我国侵权法的影响。在保险法方面,我国1995年颁布并于2002年修订的《保险法》基本可以满足我国保险业发展的现状需求。但从《保险法》对责任保险的现有规定来看,立法者并没有充分考虑到责任保险对侵权法的影响,并为实现责任保险与侵权法的协调做出相应的调整。为了实现我国侵权制度与责任保险制度的协调,确保社会经济的健康稳定发展,我们需要从以下几个方面加以努力:认清责任保险与侵权法协调发展的理论困境并在科学论证的基础上确立克服这些理论困境的方法;对于具体制度的构建,我们需要逐步扩大侵权法的适用范围,提高侵权的民事责任;在发展经济的基础上努力提高人们的保险意识到,积极引导社会成员在自愿的基础上购买第一人保险;逐步扩大强制责任保险的适用范围;在责任保险制度中,确立受害人对于保险公司的直接请求权以及保险公司的和解与抗辩义务。在实现我国责任保险制度与侵权法协调发展时,我们必须始终如一地把握如下原则:侵权法的变革必须考虑到责任保险的可能性并在不阻碍责任保险的功能得以发挥的前提下进行;责任保险制度的发展必须服务于侵权法,因为离开了侵权法和侵权责任,责任保险就将不复存在。更多还原

【Abstract】 Tort law has a long history of development, mainly including the following three stages: tort law in ancient times, tort law in modern times and contempory tort law. Tort law at different stages was designed to meet the specific needs of that historical period and kinds of institutions were formed to embody various legal thoughts with historical characteristics. Institutions of a society are based on the social backgrounds and are bound to go through some gradual or radical changes with the development of politics, economy, culture, moral judgments, ethics and so on, so will be the tort law. In modern times, tort law develops most rapidly among the civil law field, such as the enrichment of the contents of tort law, the expansion of tort law, the deepening of tort theories, and the more and more important role tort law plays in the society.Under such conditions, the concept of modern tort law began to undergo some fundamental changes. In the past, tort law put much emphasis on rationalism while modern tort law is focused on the combination of rationalism and humanism. Modern tort law emphasizes the respect of human beings and protection of the interests of victims. It’s necessary to spread the risks and losses even if the tortfeasors are not blameful because he has not intentionally or negligently caused the damage. Even though tort law has experienced constant evolutions to seek for breakthroughs, the fact is that tort law’s own efforts can’t help it meet the damands of a new era. Therefore, scholars begin to pay much attention to the cooperation of tort law and other institutions (such as social insurance and liability insurance), and they have made countless attempts to perfect the current legal systems.As a newly-devised institution, the justification of liability insurance was not recognized at the beginning. However, the justification of liability insurance has now been widely recognized by the insurance laws of different countries. That is to say, the policy-holders of liability insurance have insurable interests in the objects of liability insurance contracts. By means of such contracts, the policy-holders will be indemnified in case accidents happen and cause some monetary losses. The public have taken its justification for granted, and liability insurance has been regarded as a test when assessing the development levels of a country’s insurance industry.There is no doubt that liability insurance has brought about some new opportunities and presented some fundamental impacts to tort law. We will be unable to understand the operation of tort law and predict its future development if we don’t take liability insurance into account. What are the impacts of liability insurance on tort law? Are these impacts positive or negative? How to overcome the negative impacts? These questions seem simple but in fact they are complicated so we can only find the best solutions after carefully examining all the related factors.The impacts of liability insurance on modern tort law are comprehensive and profound, such as the impacts of liability insurance on tort law’s values and functions, the impacts of liability insurance on tort law’s principles of imputation (liability rules), the impacts of liability insurance on tort procedures and the impacts of liability insurance on the expansion of modern tort law (the invention or abolition of specific tort institutions). Liability insurance has greatly influenced tort law’s values, such as safety, equity and justice (distributive justice and corrective justice), guiding the development direction of modern tort law’s values, namely, from corrective justice to distributive justice. As far as the functions of tort law are concerned, liability insurance promotes the compensation goal while at the same time threatens the prevention goal. Without liability insurance, the establishment of strict liability and no-fault liability will not be possible. The impacts of liability insurance on tort procedures can be categorized as follows: the victims have more incentives to seek damages and they are more willing to start lawsuits; the third party (insurance company) is also involved in the procedure so the victims will change their strategies to ensure compensation. Liability insurance has been playing an important role in the expanding process of modern tort law, such as the abolition of some immunities, products liability, market share liability, D & O liability and so on. Liability insurance has greatly stimulated the development of modern tort law, which is likely to protect the interests of victims in a better way. Thus the stability of our society can be maintained and the civilization of human beings can be further promoted. With the development of liability insurance, tort law has gone through unprecedented renovations.In order to treat the above-mentioned impact in a sound way and predict the future development of modern tort law, we also need to analyze the relations between liability insurance and modern tort law. On the one hand, liability insurance is dependent on tort law; on the other hand, the crisis of modern tort law is caused by various factors, including tort law itself and some exterior factors, such as the development of liability insurance and social security systems. But the suggestion that tort law should be abolished is not based on thorough thinking and it is also against the reality of social life. The abolition of modern tort law will probably change the values of a society and cause moral hazards among the masses.It is quite important for China to make our tort law and liability insurance harmonized because of the imperfection of our social security system, the insolvency of tortfeasors, the wide existence of dangerous but socially desirable industries, and the underdevelopment of first-party insurance. China’s current tort law has comprehensive contents but there are some defects worthy of notice. For example, the status of tort law has not been finally decided, the tort systems are not complete so tort law can’t protect rights and interests in a comprehensive way, and the impacts of liability insurance have not been fully considered. On the other hand, China’s insurance law was enacted in 1995 and revised in 2002. As a result of these revisions, our insurance law can by and large meet the development needs of insurance industry. But the legislators have not fully considered the impacts of liability insurance on tort law when making and revising the law, thus the necessary adjustments are expected to be made in the future.China’s tort law and liability insurance need to develop in a harmonious way so as to ensure the sound development of our society and economy. At first we need to recognize the theoretical hindrance for the cooperation of liability insurance and tort law and then try to find out the solutions after careful reasoning. As for the making of specific institutions, what we need to do is as follows: gradually expanding our tort law and tort liability; trying to help build the ordinary people’s risk awareness and encouraging them to buy first-party insurance at their own free will; requiring compulsory liability insurance in highly dangerous but socially desirable industries; recognizing the right of victims to seek remedies directly from insurance companies and the duty of insurance companies to settle and defend cases. When perfecting our tort law and insurance law, we must follow these basic rules: the evolution of tort law has to be in harmony with the availability of liability insurance and the functions of liability insurance should not be hindered by the aimless expansion of tort law; the development of liability insurance has to aim at tort law. Without tort law and tort liability, liability insurance will be like water without a source.更多还原