【作者】 丁勇；

【导师】 李崇兴；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 本文选取十三种较能反映口语的元代材料,对疑问句、比拟式、被动式和处置式四个句法专题进行穷尽性考察,明确这些重要的句法现象在元代的发展情况以及在汉语史中的定位。特指问在公文语体中多表示真性询问,而在戏曲作品中,反诘用法多一些。元代南方官话选择问较多使用连接词,北方官话则较多在选肢间间入“那”、“也”和“也那”这类句中语气词。元代选择问有的比较特殊:“多重选择问”选肢不是两个,而是多个,选肢的类型有时也不一律;“特指选择问”有选择肢和疑问代词双焦点;“范围选择问”选择肢提供选择的范围,疑问代词选择发问;“(不)VP那怎么(什么)”句式当是汉语和外族语融合的产物。元代的比拟式有三种类型:A.(本体)+比拟动词+喻体+比拟助词;B.喻体+比拟助词+(本体);C.(本体)+比拟动词+喻体,A式为繁式,后两种为简式。比拟式在法律政令类文书以及会话书中使用非常有限,而直讲体文献和三种南戏以及《元杂》中较为丰富。三种南戏中基本上都是C式,很少使用比拟助词。北方文献中,《通略》和《元杂》较为接近,虽然C式仍然占据绝对优势,但都较多使用了比拟助词;二者不同的是《通略》较多使用A式,而《元杂》较多使用B式。《老》、《条格》、《元碑》、《典》、《孝》基本上只使用B式。比拟助词“也似”的使用全部见于北方文献。元代“将/把”字处置式的谓语形式多样,动词可以带“前加成分”和“后加成分”及其复杂组合,谓语可以是并列动词、连动结构甚至复句形式。“将/把”字处置式在元代文献中的分布并不均衡,公文语体几乎不用“把”字句,可能是“将”字句更雅。元代的被动式可以分成两个系统,“被”字句、“吃”字句、“遭”字句和“蒙”字句是一个系统,被动介词来源于“遭受”义动词;“教(交)”字句、“着”字句是一个系统,被动介词来源于“使令”义动词。被动介词“着”来源于“使役”义而非“遭受”义。“蒙”字句是“谦逊”的被动式,较“文气”,一般出现在比较庄重的场合,恐不是口语。“被”字句有几类比较特殊:杂糅式“被”字句是不同历史层次的被动式同“被”字式杂糅渗透的产物;遭遇类“被”字句表示主语遭受包含施事者某一动作行为的事件,并受到这一相关事件的直接影响;“表原因”的“被”字句一般主语隐含,后面接续结果小句,有较强的语境依赖性。更多还原

【Abstract】 The thesis selected thirteen kinds of reliable language materials which can definitely mirror spoken language in Yuan Dynasty, exhaustively investigated four syntax subjects as follows : Interrogative sentences、Metaphors、the Disposal Struction and the Passive Form, unveiled the processes of these important syntax phenomena in Yuan Dynasty and the location they seated in the research of Chinese Language History.The definite questions in official document mostly express real question, but in traditional operas they often ask in retort. The alternative questions in southern officialdom usually use conjunction, but in northern officialdom they mostly use tone words“Na(那)”、“Ye(也)”and“Ye na(也那)”between two choice limbs. Some alternative questions appear unusual: The multiple alternative questions have more than two choice limbs which structure types are not ususlly uniform; Definite- alternative question has double focus—choice limbs and interrogative pronoun; The limited alternative question set a selected range for choice limbs and raises questions by interrogative pronoun;“(bu()不) VP na(那)zenme/shenme(怎么/什么)”should be a result of language contact. The Metaphors in Yuan Dynasty contain three forms: A. (thing-in-itself)(本体)+likening verb(像义动词)+vehicles(喻体)+likening auxiliaries(比拟助词); B. (thing-in-itself)+vehicles+likening auxiliaries; C. (thing-in-itself)+likening verbs+vehicles, the preceding is full form , the other two are simplified forms. Metaphors are more abundant in Zhijiang(直讲) document、three kinds of Nanxi(南戏) and《Yuanza(元杂)》than in decree and statute document. Three kinds of Nanxi(南戏) almost only use type C and seldom use Metaphor auxiliaries. In northern document,《Tonglue(通略)》and《Yuanza(元杂)》are similar, they both use more Metaphor auxiliaries though type C is still absolute predominant; the different between them is《Tonglue(通略)》use more type A but《Yuanza(元杂)》use more type B.《Lao(老)》、《Tiaoge(条格)》、《Yuanbei(元碑)》、《Dian(典)》and《Xiao(孝)》nearly only use type B. Metaphor auxiliary“Yesi(也似)”is only used in Northern document.The structure of predicates is variable in“Jiang(将)”and“Ba(把)”marked Disposal Structions, includes: coordinate verbs、verbal constructions in Series、compound sentences、complex combination between a verb and a prefix or a suffix. The distribution of“Jiang(将)”and“Ba(把)”marked Disposal Structions is not proportionate,“Ba(把)”marked sentences are almost not used in official document, it probably because “Jiang(将)”sentences are more elegant than“Ba(把)”sentence.The Passive Form in Yuan Dynasty can be differentiated into two system: one is“Bei(被)”marked sentence、“Zao(遭)”marked sentence、“Chi(吃)”marked sentence and“Meng(蒙)”marked sentence, which passive prepositions came from verbs with the meaning of“bearing”; the other is“Jiao(教/交)”marked sentence and“Zhuo(着)”marked sentence, which passive prepositions came from verbs with the meaning of“causative”. The passive preposition“Zhuo(着)”derive not from meaning of“bearing”, but from meaning of“causative”.“Meng(蒙)”marked sentence is a kind of“modest passive form”, it appears a little elegant and mainly expresses positive significance which commonly appear in solemn situation. There’re still other special kinds of“Bei(被)”marked sentences in Yuan Dynasty:“mixed type”is a result mingled by passive forms which stand for different historical levels;“bearing type”express the subject suffered a incident which give him direct influence; in“Bei(被)”sentences which express reason the subjects are commonly couched and followed by resultative clause.更多还原