组织创业气氛及其对创业绩效影响机制研究

【作者】 李晶；

【导师】 项保华；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 企业管理， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 21世纪的商业环境较以往更加动荡不安,公司创业是企业在这种动态复杂的商业环境下寻求与巩固竞争优势而引发的现象。越来越多的大企业已经意识到不进行创新变革毋宁于死,并将公司创业视为一项事关企业未来发展大局的战略任务纳入企业经营管理的重要日程。然而,一些企业的公司创业却以失败告终,更有甚者拖垮了整个企业。研究者指出,塑造今天企业中的创新机制,不仅仅是简单的资金投入,公司还需要开展一些更能培养人才、更促进信息共享的活动。除了确立企业创业方式和培养企业内部创业者之外,还需要确立一种有助于具有创新意识的人员发挥其全部潜能的氛围。这种气氛到底如何,在公司创业中有什么作用?在不同创业发展阶段,这种氛围是否有差异?这种气氛影响组织创业绩效的机理如何?这些问题的解答将有助于推动已有组织中的创业活动,并产生更佳公司创业效果。如果将组织视为创业的连续体,那么对公司创业的研究则是创业研究的纵深发展。现有认知视角的创业领域研究,多从微观认知心理学角度探讨创业者的机会感知和把握能力,却鲜有从社会认知视角对公司创业过程进行研究。认知学习理论强调行为、认知及环境影响三大互动力量,较为全面地解释了认知与环境互动对行为的影响。从社会认知视角的公司创业研究,有助于将特定的组织内部环境、组织成员、产生的行为及行为的结果联系起来,从而形成公司创业过程分析框架,也将丰富社会认知理论内涵。组织创业气氛是脱胎于组织气氛和公司创业理论的概念,是组织成员对其所在组织创业特性的整体知觉,可以作为从社会认知视角对公司创业研究的有益尝试。从这一研究思路出发,本文尝试从社会认知视角研究组织创业气氛及其作用机制,基于对以往相关研究的回顾与思考,针对以往研究的局限,结合公司创业的特征,建立和验证组织创业气氛概念构思及其作用模型。这一过程主要是通过以下几个研究设计逐步实现:研究一,采用深度访谈研究方法,对本文的核心要素组织创业气氛的概念进行初步构想。在对以往相关研究梳理的基础上,对16家企业的18名直接参与公司创业的高层管理者进行深度访谈,围绕组织创业气氛的内涵展开,并在此基础上对其影响结果和过程进行了拓展性的访问。随后运用内容分析技术对访谈材料进行编码和分析,初步得到组织创业气氛概念构思:组织创业气氛存在于组织内部,它是具有创造性和革新性组织的典型特征,是组织成员对组织环境是否具有公司创业特征的整体知觉,这种知觉会影响组织成员对待公司创业的态度、信念、动机、价值观和行为,并最终影响到整个组织的创业绩效。组织创业气氛是在以往创业研究和组织气氛研究的基础上,构建的一个系统性多维构思,包括创新激励、组织支持、外在导向、诚信互动、工作自主五个维度。研究二,围绕组织创业气氛概念构思的验证及其在不同创业发展阶段模式的差异。首先,基于以往相关文献及访谈材料,开发组织创业气氛测量工具,经过专家修订、反复试测,得到具有较好信度、效度的量表,为构思维度的验证奠定基础。通过对问卷数据进行探索性和验证性因素分析,为组织创业气氛概念构思的结构效度和内容效度提供了可靠证据。其次,运用方差分析检验不同创业阶段的组织创业气氛,结果发现在不同创业发展阶段组织创业气氛模式的差异,组织创业气氛在初创阶段表现为“外向自发式”、成长阶段表现为“支持自发式”、成熟阶段表现为“支持诱发式”、公司创业阶段表现为“激励诱发式”。研究从侧面说明了组织创业气氛各要素在创业过程中的动态变化,组织发展阶段的递进演化与创业活动的差异性是组织创业气氛演化的内在动力。研究三,在组织创业气氛构思维度和阶段性差异分析基础上,探究了组织创业气氛对创业效能感的影响。首先提出并验证了创业效能感的结构维度,其次检验了组织创业气氛对创业效能感的影响,环境不确定性对此关系的缓冲作用得到了部分验证,最后探究不同创业发展阶段组织创业气氛对创业效能感影响模式差异。环境缓冲效应的验证不仅回应了企业是开放系统的讨论,也为“创业效能感是内外环境交互适配动态耦合的产物”提供了佐证。创业效能感作为创业的动因并被证实与创业绩效有显著关系,故本部分研究可作为“组织创业气氛——创业绩效”关系研究的准备。研究四,基于认知学习理论构建的认知、行为、环境互动因果框架及上述一系列研究,构建和验证了组织创业气氛对创业绩效影响机制模型。采用结构方程建模方法对问卷数据进行了分析,对组织创业气氛的作用机制进行了较为深入的探究。结果表明,组织创业气氛对创业绩效有直接影响,且对其两维度影响模式有差异,组织创业气氛还通过创业效能感对创业绩效产生间接作用。本研究对这一模型的验证丰富了认知、行为、环境互动因果框架的理论内涵,为创业认知和组织创业气氛作用机制研究提供了新视角。从研究整体构思上看,组织创业气氛系统概念构思的提出与验证,使组织创业气氛与创业绩效之间相联成为可能,并可以进而探讨其内在作用机制。不同创业阶段组织创业气氛模式差异的探讨,是组织创业气氛纵向动态分析尝试,而组织创业气氛作用机制的探究,则是其横向截面分析尝试,从而可能形成纵横交互的立体分析框架。本文对组织创业气氛作用机制的探究基于认知学习理论对行为解释的行为、环境和认知的互动因果框架,从这一思路出发、结合以往相关文献、采用问卷研究方法,提出并验证了组织创业气氛对创业效能感及创业绩效的作用机制模型。总之,本文的理论和实证研究结论具有一定的理论意义与实践启示,为公司创业研究提供了有益的新思路。更多还原

【Abstract】 Entrepreneurship is represented by a firm’s risk-taking propensity, tendency to act in competitively aggressive, proactive manners, and reliance on frequent and extensive product innovation. Corporate entrepreneurship is figured out as an organizational-level entrepreneurial phenomenon among larger, established firms. As the business environment becomes more and more dynamic in the 21st century, more and more enterprises have realized the importance of corporate entrepreneurship in seeking and strengthening competencies in the complexity of competitive environment, and put more effort on it. However, some enterprises failed in corporate entrepreneurship, and even failed in surviving.Researches pointed out that successful corporate entreprneurship not only relied on capital investment, but also relied on entrepreneurial climate which could motivate employees’ innovation enthusiasm and risk-taking willness(Li Zhineng et al., 2000). What is this type of climate like? What are the differences of the climate as enterprises’ on different growth stage? What is its effect on corporate entreprneurship? Sloving these problems may be helpful to promote corporate entrepreneurship and organizational effectiveness.Given the scope and magnitude of the benefits conferred by the cognitive perspective in other field, it seems reasonable to suggest that it might provide similar benefits for entrepreneurship research, but there is little study on corporate enterprneurship process form social cognitive pespective. Social learning theory focuses on the interaction among behavior, cognition and environment (Bandura & Cervone, 1986), therefore exploring corporate entrepreneurship in this view may be useful to study the relationship among organizational internal environment, employees’ behaviors and organizational effectiveness. Moreover, it may be useful to outline the theory model of corporate entrepreneurship process and rich social cognitive theory.Organizational entrepreneurial climate(OEC) is the coupling concept of organization climate and corporate entrepreneuship. Based on literature review, this paper attempts to research OEC from social cognitive perspective, figure and test OEC concept and effect model. This attemptment is realized by four sub-studies.Study 1 is to construct the key concept, OEC, by means of depth-interview. Based on literature review, the researcher conducted depth-interview to 18 senior managers from 16 enterprises on the meaning of OEC and its impact on corporate entrepreneurship. The interview course is recorded by text, and then the text is coded and analyzed by content analysis technique. The result shows the OEC is the typical characteristic of an innovative or creative organization, and it is the employees’ overall perception about enterprises’ innovativeness and creativeness. The perception would have influence on employees’ attitude and behavior towards innovation and risk-taking, furthermore it would affect entrepreneurial effectiveness of the organization. The result also indicates that the OEC is a multi-dimensional construct and is comprised of organizational support, autonomy, external-orientation, trust and interaction, and innovation motivation.Study 2 focuses on verifying the construct of the OEC and differentiating the OEC on four growth stages. Firstly, the study developes measurement tool of the OEC, after experts repeatedly discussing and revising. EFA(Exploratory Factor Analysis) and CFA(Confirmatory factor analysis) findings provide reliable evidence for the content and construct validity of the concept of OEC, and reliability of its measurement. Secondly, the study analyzes the differenece of the OEC on diffent growth stage by ANOVA(Analysis of Variance). The results show that the OEC exhibits external-spontaneous, support-spontaneous, support-induced and encourage-induced model successively as an enterprise’s growth.On the basis of the OEC construct and diffences analysis, Study 3 explores the OEC’s impact on entrepreneurial organizational efficacy. After proposing and verifying the concept construct of entrepreneurial organizational efficacy, Study 3 analyzes the OEC’s effect on entrepreneurial organizational efficacy, and verifies environment uncertainty acting as a moderator in the relationship of OEC and entrepreneurial efficacy. In addition, Study 3 examines OEC’s differenet effects on entrepreneurial efficacy on different growth stage. Entreprneurial efficacy has been confirmed to be as motivation to entrepreneurship and have significant connection with entreprneurship effectiveness, so Study 3 is a prepareation for investigating into the relationship between OEC and entrepreneurial performance.Study 4 constructs and tests the model of OEC’s impact on entrepreneurial performance, which is based on social learning theory. SEM(Structure Equation Model) is applied to analyze this model. The findings indicate that OEM has direct effect on entrepreneurial performance, and has different effect on its two dimensions respectively. OEC also has indirect effect on entrepreneurial performance through entrepreneurial organizational efficacy, that is, entrepreneurial organizational efficacy acts as mediator in the relationship between OEC and entrepreneurial organizational efficacy. The study riches the theoretical meaning of the interaction model of cognition, behavior and environement, and provides useful view in exploring entrepreneurial cognition and OEC.Proposition and verification of OEC construct lays a foundation for studying its effect mechanism, and makes it possible to explore the relationship between OEC and entrepreneurial performance. Differences analysis of OEC as an enterprise’s growth is an attempt of studying OEC vertically, while the exploration of OEC effect mechanism is an attempt of studying OEC horizontally, and therefore it would come up with a stereo framework. Based on an interaction model adapted from social learning theory, this paper points out and tests the effect of OEC on entrepreneurial organizational efficacy and entrepreneurial performance. In summary, the theoretical and empirical results of the paper have some theoretical importance and practical implication, and the paper provides a feasible new perspective for the corporate entrepreneurship research.更多还原