【作者】 张威；

【导师】 杨端志；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 在晚清时期的文学作品当中,谴责小说独树一帜,思想、艺术成就相对较高,社会影响力较大,其代表作品主要有被称为“四大谴责小说”的《官场现形记》、《二十年目睹之怪现状》、《孽海花》、《老残游记》。晚清四大谴责小说主要采用晚清时期的白话写成,基本符合当时的口语特征,民间的许多口语现象在小说语言中得到了鲜明的体现。许多新词、新语、新义也能及时地呈现在作品当中。这一时期是近代汉语走向现代汉语的一个过渡时期,直接奠定了现代汉语词汇系统的基础。对晚清时期的四大谴责小说词汇特点的研究,既是对古代汉语、近代汉语词汇研究的继承和延续,同时也是对现代汉语词汇的溯源,它直接反映出中古、近代词汇向现代汉语词汇发展和演变过程中的基本规律和面貌。本文以晚清四大谴责小说为主要语料,力图通过对晚清四大谴责小说词汇特点的研究,描写出晚清四大谴责小说词汇系统的基本面貌,并对具体的词汇现象加以分析和阐释,从而在一定程度上揭示出由近代汉语词汇向现代汉语词汇发展演变过程中的基本现象和规律。在研究过程中,本文立足于现代语言学理论,特别是现代词汇学理论,借鉴现代语言学的研究方法,同时又吸纳传统小学的治学精神,对晚清四大谴责小说的词汇系统予以探讨。全文共分为七章:第一章为“绪论”。本章讨论了本课题的研究价值、研究现状和研究方法;从晚清白话小说与晚清时期的白话文运动,晚清四大谴责小说基本内容及版本情况入手,介绍了本文的研究语料概况;并探讨了晚清四大谴责小说词汇的历史聚合特点。第二章为“晚清四大谴责小说词汇构成(上)”。本章从基本词汇和一般词汇两个方面讨论了晚清四大谴责小说词汇系统的概貌。首先讨论了断代基本词汇和专书基本词汇的概念问题,确立了晚清四大谴责小说基本词汇判定的基本原则。并对本时期新进入基本词汇范畴的成分进行了分类描写。在本章的第二节中,重点从历史上传承下来的固有词,因特殊需要而加以运用的古语词,来自地域方言的方言词,外来文化影响下产生的外来词,来自各行各业的社会方言词等五个方面对晚清四大谴责小说中的一般词汇进行了系统地、全面地描写。第三章为“晚清四大谴责小说词汇构成(下)”。晚清四大谴责小说中所有的相当于词的作用的固定结构,和基本词汇、一般词汇一样,也是晚清词汇系统中不可或缺的重要组成部分。本章从结构形式、词义来源、使用特点等几个方面对晚清四大谴责小说中出现的成语、惯用语、谚语、习用套语等熟语形式进行了研究,从另一个侧面展示出了晚清四大谴责小说的词汇系统的面貌特点。第四章为“晚清四大谴责小说中的新词”。本章首先讨论了晚清新词的判定方法和基本原则,坚持以“义位”为基本单位的考察标准,即一个新的义位的产生,并赋予一定的结构形式,标志着一个新词的诞生。在此基础上,将晚清新词划分为新词形表示新义位和旧词形表示新义位的两个大类。从音节形式、词类特点等方面对新词进行了分类研究。从词义来源上将新词分为官场政治、经济贸易、社会生活、科学技术、风俗文化、专门词语的泛化等六个大类,从而探讨了晚清新词的主要成因。本章还对晚清新词的造词与构词特点进行了研究。举例辨析了摹声法、修辞法、简缩法、引申法等晚清时期几种最重要的造词方法。并从语音形式、词素的性质及组合方式特点两个方面讨论了晚清时期的构词特点。第五章为“晚清四大谴责小说词汇的新义”。词义包括了词的词汇意义、语法意义和色彩意义三个部分。本章从这三方面入手分析了晚清四大谴责小说中词义发展演变状况。首先从社会、人的认识、词汇系统内部三个方面探讨了新义产生的主要原因。接着利用翔实的例证分别讨论了词义内容三个部分新义演变的基本类型。其中,重点讨论了词汇意义演变的两种主要途径——引申和虚化,语法意义的演变主要表现形式——词性的转变,晚清四大谴责小说词义中色彩意义的主要类型,以及色彩意义演变的一种最主要方式——转移等基本问题。第六章为“晚清四大谴责小说中的词义类聚”。首先确定了词义类聚研究的三个基本原则:一、词义类聚是共时的、同一系统内的;二、构成同一词义类聚的词,语法意义必须相同;三、以义位为单位。在此基础上,对词义类聚的三种基本形式:同义词、近义词、反义词在界定、类型、产生原因等方面分别进行了分析。第七章为“晚清四大谴责小说中的民俗词语”。晚清四大谴责小说运用了大量民俗词语来反映当时的社会风俗,成功地将民俗描写与世情百态、人生诸相有机结合起来,充分揭示了当时复杂的社会关系、社会矛盾及其社会文化心理。本章首先讨论了晚清民俗词语的构成和来源问题,并对晚清民俗词语进行了细致的意义分类和结构分析。同时还对晚清民俗词语中的多义、同义、分类、关系等意义类聚形式进行了研究。本章的最后一节对晚清四大谴责小说中的民俗词语进行了一定程度上的文化分析。重点探讨了表服饰民俗词语与晚清服饰文化,表饮食民俗的词语与晚清饮食文化,以及晚清四大谴责小说中的娱乐行业词语与晚清市井风俗文化三方面的内容。完成了从社会和文化的视角对晚清四大谴责小说词汇系统的审视。晚清四大谴责小说词汇研究是《中国白话小说词汇史研究》的一个组成部分,也是中国白话小说词汇史断代研究的最后一个共时截面。对晚清时期汉语词汇系统基本概貌的研究,以及对晚清社会政治、经济、文化等语言外部因素对晚清小说词汇系统影响的考察等都具有十分重要的学术价值和意义。希望通过本文对以上课题的研究努力,能对汉语词汇史研究的学术发展尽自己的一点微薄之力。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the literature in the late Qing dynasty, satirical novels are unique, thought, and have relatively high artistic achievement, the larger social impact, which representative works are mainly known as "Four Satirical Novels", including "The True Colors of the Officialdom", "Strange Things in the Past Twenty Years", "Nie Haihua", and "Lao Can’s Travel Notes". "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty novels are mainly written in the colloquial forms in the late Qing dynasty, in line with the basic characteristics of spoken language, which is showed clearly in the novels. Many new words, new phrases, new meanings can be timely presented in the works. This period is a transitional period from modern Chinese to contemporary Chinese, laying directly the foundation for contemporary Chinese vocabulary systems. Research on vocabulary characteristics of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty is not only the successive and continual study of the ancient Chinese and modern Chinese vocabulary but also the original study of contemporary Chinese vocabulary, which reflects directly the basic laws and features in the development and evolution of the middle ages, modern vocabulary to contemporary Chinese vocabulary.The linguistic materials of the dissertation are words and phrases of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty novels. The dissertation describes the features of Chinese vocabulary systems in the late Qing dynasty and analyzes the specific vocabulary phenomena by research on vocabulary characteristics of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty, which reveals the basic phenomena and laws in the development and evolution of the modern Chinese vocabulary to contemporary Chinese vocabulary. In the course of the study, the dissertation analyzes vocabulary systems in "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty novels, which is based on contemporary linguistic theory, especially contemporary vocabulary theory, absorbed in traditional primary scholarship and referring to contemporary linguistics research methods.The dissertation consists of seven parts. Chapter One is "Prolegomenon". It discusses research value, research overview and research approach. And then it introduces the linguistic materials and the diachronic polymeric characteristics of "Four Satirical Novels" vocabulary in the late Qing dynasty at the threshold of colloquial novels and colloquial movement in the late Qing dynasty, the main contents and versions of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty.Chapter Two is " The Constitution of ’Four Satirical Novels’ Vocabulary in the Late Qing Dynasty( I)". It discusses the main features of vocabulary systems of "Four Satirical Novels "vocabulary in the late Qing dynasty from basic vocabulary and general vocabulary. We analyze the conceptual issues of dynastic basic vocabulary and specialized books’ basic vocabulary, and establish the basic principles of distinguishing "Four Satirical Novels "vocabulary in the late Qing dynasty, and then have category description of the composition just coming into basic vocabulary. In the second section, we describe systematically and comprehensively general vocabulary of "Four Satirical Novels "vocabulary in the late Qing dynasty, including inherent words from history, ancient words needed and applied specially, dialect words, loan words, social dialect words.Chapter Three is " The Constitution of ’Four Satirical Novels’ vocabulary in the Late Qing Dynasty( II) ".All fixed expressions of "Four Satirical Novels "vocabulary in the late Qing dynasty are equivalent to the role of vocabulary like basic vocabulary and general vocabulary ,which are the important part in vocabulary systems in "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty novels. This paper tries to probe into the structural forms, semantic origin and usage features of idioms, subfixed words, proverbs and so on, which shows the characteristics of vocabulary systems in "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty novels from another respect.Chapter Four is "The New Words of ’Four Satirical Novels’ Vocabulary in the Late Qing Dynasty". We discuss the distinguishing methods and the basic principles of new words in the late Qing dynasty. We insist on the inspecting standards of "sememe" as the basic unit, that is, if the emergence of a new sememe has its constructional form, it will mark the emergence of a new word. On the base, we divide new words in the late Qing dynasty into two types: new form showing new sememe and old form showing new sememe. We classify new words from syllable form, word-class and other aspects. New words will be divided into six major categories, including officialdom politics, economic and trade, social life, science and technology, folk and culture, and other specialized words, which the main causes of new words in the late Qing dynasty are probed. The chapter also studies the word-building and the word-constructing. It analyzes the main word-building methods including sound justice wanton to combing meaning, rhetoric, contraction, extension and so on. Then it studies the word-constructing characteristics in the late Qing dynasty from vocal forms, morphemic features and compositive ways.Chapter Five is " The New Meanings of ’Four Satirical Novels’ Vocabulary in the Late Qing Dynasty". Semanteme includes lexical meaning, grammatical meaning and colorful meaning. According to it, the chapter analyzes the development and evolution of semanteme of "Four Satirical Novels" vocabulary in the late Qing dynasty. The chapter analyzes the main causes of developing new meanings from society, cognition and vocabulary system. The detailed examples are used to discuss the basic types of the development and evolution of semanteme from three types of semanteme. Focused on the two main ways of evolution of the lexical meaning—derivation and grammaticalization, the main form of evolution of the grammatical meaning—transition of word-class, the main form of evolution of the colorful meaning and the most important way of evolution of the colorful meaning—transition and so on.Chapter Six is "The Classification of Semanteme of ’Four Satirical Novels’ Vocabulary in the Late Qing Dynasty". We establish the basic principles of research on classification of semanteme: firstly, classification of semanteme is synchronic and in the same system; secondly, words in the same classification of semanteme must have the same grammatical meaning; thirdly, "sememe" is known as the basic unit. Then we analyze three basic types of classification of semanteme—synonym, near-synonym and antonym from definition, types and causes of developing.Chapter Seven is " The Folk Words and Expressions of ’Four Satirical Novels’ Vocabulary in the Late Qing Dynasty". The novels use a lot of folk words and expressions, which reflect the prevailing social customs, combined the description of the folk with all kinds of social phenomena and all life, fully revealed the complex social relations, social contradictions and social-cultural psychology. Firstly this chapter discusses the composition and source of the late Qing dynasty folk words and expressions. We classify the meanings and analyze structure of the folk words and expressions in the late Qing dynasty. At the same time we also study the assemblage of different shades of meaning of folk words and expressions including polyseme, synonym, generic terms and relative terms and make the cultural analysis to a certain extent. Focus on three aspects including the clothing jargons in ’Four Satirical Novels’ in late Qing dynasty and clothing culture in the late Qing dynasty, the cooking jargons in ’Four Satirical Novels’ in late Qing dynasty and cooking culture in the late Qing dynasty and the recreational jargons in ’Four Satirical Novels’ in late Qing dynasty and cultural feature of common citizens. At last, we complete the look of vocabulary system of ’Four Satirical Novels’ vocabulary in the late Qing dynasty from the social and cultural perspectives.The research on vocabulary of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty is a part of < the Research on Vocabulary History of Chinese Colloquial Novels>, which is the last synchronic section of the dynastic research on vocabulary history of Chinese colloquial novels. The research on vocabulary system in the late Qing dynasty and the studying of the social political, economic, cultural language exterior factor’s effect on novel’s vocabulary system in the late Qing dynasty have very important academic value and meaning. By the investigation of vocabulary of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty, this thesis contributes to the academic development of the research on Chinese vocabulary history research.更多还原