【作者】 管理；

【导师】 王昌燧； 胡耀武；

【作者基本信息】 中国科学技术大学 ， 科学技术史， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 家畜的产生与发展,为人类社会由蒙昧、野蛮迈向文明提供了重要的经济基础。家猪是中国最早出现的家畜之一,也是最重要的一种家畜,从古至今都是中国大部分地区居民的一种主要肉食资源,而且在宗教仪式中也发挥了较大的作用,在我国古代的社会、经济和文化中扮演了重要角色。家猪是由野猪驯化而来的,它的起源、驯化、发展是依赖于人类的活动而实现的,因此,家猪的起源问题一直是学术界所关注的重要课题,研究家猪的起源和驯化不仅具有其自身的意义,而且对于更多的了解人类社会的发展过程也具有重要价值。目前,家猪起源的研究方法主要有动物考古学方法、分子生物学方法、病理学分析方法等,这些方法都取得了一定的成功,但也都存在着一些无法回避的缺陷,尤其是对于驯化初期的家猪与野猪的鉴别,往往都显得有些力不从心。而家猪与野猪的鉴别是家猪起源研究的核心问题,驯化初期家猪的鉴别对于准确定位家猪的起源时间和地点是至关重要的。针对这一问题,本文在总结上述三种方法的研究现状和存在问题的基础上,提出了利用食谱分析鉴别家猪与野猪的方法。这种方法的突出优点是能够较好地将驯化初期的家猪与野猪鉴别开来,同时通过家猪食谱与人类活动的关系,能够获得更多的有关人类社会的信息。为了证明这种方法的可行性,本文首先选取了陕北靖边五庄果墚遗址出土的四种动物(家猪、狗、鼠和草兔)骨骼,进行了C、N稳定同位素分析,研究了这四种动物的食谱特征、营养级结构,分析了人类活动对生活在其周围的动物食物结构的影响;接着选取了吉林省通化市万发拨子遗址出土的猪骨,进行了C、N稳定同位素分析,进一步分析了人类活动所导致的家猪与野猪食物结构之间的显著差异,并科学地验证了利用这种差异鉴别家猪与野猪的可行性。通过这两个遗址的研究得出结论:人类活动会对生活在其周围的动物食物结构产生影响,这种影响会反映在动物骨胶原的C、N稳定同位素比例上,因此,通过对考古遗址出土的猪骨进行食谱分析,了解猪群间的食性差异,揭示人类饲喂活动对猪食物结构的影响,将有助于对家猪与野猪的鉴别以及家猪起源和饲养方式的研究。在此基础上,本文最后以淮河中游目前发现年代最早的新石器时代遗址——安徽蚌埠双墩遗址出土的猪骨为研究对象,首先对其进行了形态学鉴定,并结合遗址出土的猪纹刻划,推断了该遗址中已经出现了家猪,但可能还处于驯化初期;然后选取遗址中的部分猪骨和鹿骨、牛骨、蚌壳,进行了C、N稳定同位素分析,发现遗址中的猪可以分为两类,根据其食物结构特点及与鹿、牛食物结构的相似性,判断其中一类为野猪,而另一类为家猪。并结合考古资料对遗址中人类的经济模式和生活方式进行了推断。作为一种新的尝试,本文提出的利用食性差异鉴别家猪与野猪的方法具有一定的理论依据和较好的实用效果,为驯化初期家猪与野猪的科学鉴别提供了一条新的思路,对于家猪起源的研究具有积极意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The appearance and development of livestock provide human society with important economic basis on the road from savagery and barbarism to civilization.The domestic pig is not only one of the earliest livestocks appearing in China but also one of the most important domestic animals, which played a great role in social, economic and cultural life of ancient China. It was the main resource of meat for the ancient people and widely used in many kinds of ritual activities. The domestic pigs were domesticed from wild boars. The realization of its origin, domestication, and expansion depended on the activities of humans. As a result, the origin of domestic pigs has gained increasing attention of the academic community. Research of the origin and domestication of pigs is not only significant to study but also to understand the of development process human society.At present, zooarchaeology , molecular biology, and analysis of the linear enamel hypoplasia of the pigs’ molars are the three popular means to study the origin of domestic pigs. All of the above methods have made certain achievements, but they also have some unavoidable shotcomings, especially on distinguishing domestic pigs which were on the initial domestic stage from wild boar. However, the identification of the initial domestic pigs was important to ascertain the origin time and origin area of domestic pigs. To resolve this problem, a new method to distinguish domestic pigs from wild boar based on dietary analysis is presented in this paper. The advantage of the method is that it can differentiate wild boars and domestic pigs in the early domestication stage. Furthermore, through the analysis on the relationship of the domestic pigs diet and human activities, more information of the human society can be obtained.To test and verify the feasibility of the proposed method, Carbon and nitrogen isotope values were measured from 12 bones of 4 kinds of animals (domestic pigs, dogs, rats and Lepus capensis) bones from archaeological site of Wuzhuangguoliang in Jingbian City, Shanxi Province, firstly. By the research on the characteristics of palaeodiet and different nutrition level of the animals from this site, the effects on the animals’ palaeodiet by the human activities were analysed.Then the pigs’ bones from another archaeological site, Wanfabozi site, Tonghua city, Jilin province, were selected to study the significant differences on the diet construction between domestic pigs and wild boar, which is derived from the influence of human’s feeding activities. And the feasibility of distinguishing domestic pigs from wild boars through that differences on the diet is validated.Through these two experiments, a conclusion can be drew that the diet construction of animals living around human beings would be effected by the human activities, and the effects would be reflected on the ratio of carbon and nitrogen isotope from bone collagen of animals. Therefore, by analyzing the palaeodiet of pigs’ bones from archeological site, the dietary differences among pigs and the effects of human activities on the diet construction of domestic pigs can be revealed, which have a great potential to differentiate domesticated pigs from wild boar, and is helpful to the study of domestic pigs origin and domestication.Finally, we focus on the pig bones from Shuangdun site, Bengbu city, Anhui province, which is the earlist site of the Neolithic Age in the middle reaches of Huai River. We firstly made a morphological identification on bones of pigs, and came to a conclusion, combining with the carve and scratch of pigs from the site, that there were domestic pigs which were on the initial domestication stage in the site. Then some bones of pigs, deer, catties, and clams were selectbased, and stable isotopes analysis was made.According to the differences of carbon and nitrogen isotope values, the pigs can be divided into two groups. Based on the comparison with the isotope values of deer and catties, we concluded that one group were wild boar while another can be attributed to domesticated pigs. We also extrapolate the economic pattern and lifestyle of the inhabitant in the site combining with the archeological background.As a new attempt, the methods to distinguish domestic pigs from wild boar based on the differences of diet proposed in this paper, has a scientific foundation and gains a good performance, providing a new direction for differentiate wild boar and domestic pigs in the early stage of pig domestication and being of great significance in the research on the origin of domestic pigs.更多还原