【作者】 马庆；

【导师】 童世骏；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 专门史， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 公元1500年以来的世界呈现出与以往世界完全不同的特征。在这一时期,民族国家逐渐出现,商品经济席卷全球,整个世界以一种前所未有的方式紧密联系在一起。这些就是所谓的“现代”。不过,现代社会决非单指民族国家、商品经济这些外在因素,它还涉及到更多内在的、精神方面的因素,诸如创新的时间意识、进步观念、唯科学主义、意义的丧失等。为了理解这个时代,要理解这个时代我们的生活方式,思想家们纷纷将目光投向了这些精神因素,这就形成了所谓的“现代性研究”。从黑格尔开始,马克思、尼采、韦伯等一系列杰出的思想家都从不同的角度对现代性进行着反思。上世纪八十年代以来,西方思想界所发生的著名的现代性与后现代之间的论战,则将现代性研究推向了一个新的局面。在现代主义者与后现代主义者论战正酣之际,查尔斯·泰勒,这位被理查德·罗蒂称为当今最重要的十数位哲学家之一的加拿大学者尤为引人瞩目。大多数研究现代性的学者或专注于社会历史事件的整理,或执着于精细的哲学论证,很少有人像泰勒一样从思想史的脉络梳理入手研究现代性。泰勒通过思想史的考察,指出现代性的一个严重错误在于其自然主义思路,其特点是以十七世纪以来自然科学的标准来理解人、理解人文科学。按照自然主义的观点,人类生活的意义最终只是主体的虚构,因为这些意义无法按照自然科学的标准来解释和评价。自然主义会把所有的意义都化约为无意义,这典型地体现那种自诩为科学的现代心理学身上,心理学用“刺激——反应”理论来理解人,这明显是套用自然科学地标准。自然主义还体现在现代性思想的其他方面,比如说在道德哲学上的投射论,政治哲学上的原子论等。自然主义思路的典型特征就在于以一种工具理性的或者分离式理性的态度来思考所有问题。本文分为导言、第一至五章以及结语共三部分。导言部分首先论述现代性研究的三位代表性人物:黑格尔、马克思以及韦伯,指出现代性是一个多元论的时代。其次,简要论述后现代性与现代性之间的论争,并在此基础上总结出各种现代性研究理论所涉及的三个方面的议题:描述意义上的,诊断意义上的以及认识论意义上的。最后,简单介绍查尔斯·泰勒对现代性的基本论断:现代性既有许多让人赞赏的东西,又有许多低级的和令人惧怕的东西。人们所要考虑的问题如何将现代性引入最远大的前途,避免它滑向低级形式。为此,泰勒引人了本真性的概念。第一章论述泰勒从行为主义理论的错误之处出发,通过思想史的考察,发现了现代性思想中自然主义盛行的原因在于一种错误的、但极具吸引力的人类主体观。受浪漫主义和黑格尔的影响,泰勒提出一种新的人类主体观,一种将意义、语言与自我联系在一起主体观,并在此基础上阐述了人是一种自我解释动物。第二章论述泰勒在道德学说上的观点。从泰勒的人类主体观出发,对人来说至关重要的就是一种解释的框架。从这个角度出发,泰勒批评现代主流道德学说忽视善的重要性。他转而提出一种道德实在论的学说,并通过对现代道德学说中“正当优先于善”的信条的极具说服力的分析,指出道德根源对人的重要性。第三章论述泰勒在政治学说上的主张,主要是澄清人们对泰勒的误解。泰勒并不是所谓的“社群主义者”,而是一种自由整体论者。泰勒并不是反对自由主义,而是认为将自由主义建立在一种原子论的权利理论上是远远不够的,自由主义还需要共同善。第四章论述泰勒对民主和差异政治的看法。他指出民主自身存在着矛盾,一方面民主是有史以来最具包容性的政治方式,另一方面,民主又有着明显的排他性。克服这种矛盾,需要人们放弃原子论的看法,更多地参与民主建制。新的民主需要一种新的平的观念,这就是泰勒所提出的“承认的政治”。在一种尊重个人本真性,尊重文化差异的平等观念下,新的民主建制才有可能实现。第五章论述泰勒对现代性下宗教和文化的看法。当前虽然是一个世俗时代,但人的个人身分、人的自我解释与自我实现需要一些主体之外的、超越个体视域的道德根源。这些道德根源可以给人们提供意义。如果一种现代性压制或否定这些根源,对这些超验事物置若罔闻,那么这样的现代性将不能激发那些意义产生,也就无法使生活在其中的个人感到其生命的意义。这也是泰勒提出一种“天主教现代性”的原因。泰勒进一步指出,现代性是与具体的文化背景有关的。西方现代道德秩序源自西方特有的文化背景,西方现代性是一个相当特殊的现代经验,所以泰勒提倡一种多重现代性。结语部分论述泰勒现代性思想中的两个主题:多元论与本真性。与伯林的一样,泰勒也认为现代性意味着多元论,但泰勒不满足于停留在多元论这一点上,而是希望通过本真性理想来克服现代性下意义的丧失。更多还原

【Abstract】 Different from the past time, the world has tightly joined together than ever before since 1500s, with nation-state coming forth and commodity economy sweeping in the world. Those are so called "modernity". Modern society, however, does not only refer to nation-states, commodity economy and so on, still concerns more intrinsic and spiritual ingredients, such as an innovative consciousness of time, a conception of progress, scientism, a loss of meaning. In order to understand the age, thoughts such as Hegel, karl Max, Nietzsche, Max Weber, begin to focus on those spiritual ingredients, which comes into the so called "research of modernity".Since 1980s, a great controversy happened between modernity and post-modernity boosts the research of modernity to a new phase. During this period, Charles Taylor, whom was praised as one of ten most significant philosophers by Richard Rorty, especially attracts more attentions. Compared with mass of scholars absorbed in settling histories or philosophical deduction, Taylor starts with skeleton of the intellectual history in his research of modernity. He figures that a serious mistake in modernity consists in its thought of naturalism, which interprets human and human science with the standard of natural science. Naturalism reduces all meanings to non-meaning, which is not only embodied in modern psychology but also in other aspects of modernity theories, for instance, the subjectivism in moral philosophy and atomism in political philosophy. The typical characteristic of naturalism is regarding all issues in instrumental rationality or disengaged rationality.The dissertation is divided into three parts: introduction, chapter I to V, and conclusion.The introduction, firstly, describes modernity researches of three representative scholars, Hegel, Karl Marx, and Max Weber, and figures that modernity means an age of pluralism. Secondly, it basing on the controversy between modernity and post-modernity summarizes three discussion topics about all types of modernity researches: in sense of description, in sense of diagnoses, in sense of epistemology. At last, it presents Charles Taylor’s basic thesis: there is both much that is admirable and much that is debased and frightened,. What people should consider is how to steer modernity towards the greatest promise and avoid the slide into the debased forms. Therefore, Taylor appeals to the conception of authenticity.Chapter one addresses that Taylor finds a reason why naturalism prevails in modernity is a wrong, but attractive view of human subject. Influenced by the romanticism and Hegel, Taylor provides a new view of human subject, a view jointing meaning, language, and self together, asserts that human is a self-interpreting animal on the ground of the view.Chapter two addresses on Taylor’s view on morality. From the new view of human subject, an interpretive frame is essential for man. Criticizing modern moral theories’ ignorance of the importance of good, Taylor provides a theory of moral realist and points out the importance of the good for human according to his persuasive analysis on the doctrine of "the priority of the right over the good".Chapter three discusses Taylor’s view on politics and mainly clarifies that his theory is not a kind of communitarianism, but a liberal holism. Taylor does not oppose liberalism, but claim that it is far from enough to establish liberalism on a theory of atomistic rights, and that it also needs the common good.Chapter four discusses Taylor’ view on democracy and the politics of difference. He asserts there is an antinomy in democracy. On one side, democracy is the most inclusion political manner. On the other side, it is obviously exclusion. To overcome this antinomy, people need to abandon the atomistic theory and actively participate the democratic organizational system. A new democracy needs a new conception of equality, which is Taylor calls "the politics of recognition".Chapter five discusses Taylor’s view on religious and culture in modernity. Individual identity, self-interpreting, and self-fulfillment need a moral foundation beyond individual field of vision which can offer him significance. If modernity inhibit and negate those moral foundations, then it would never inspire those significances, and also fail to make individuals find the significance in their lives. This is the reason why Taylor puts forward "a Catholic modernity" . He points out that modernity is related with particular cultural background. Western modernity is a considerable peculiar modern experience from a special western cultural background. So Taylor advocates a theory of multiple modernities.Conclusion discusses two themes in Taylor’s theory: pluralism and authenticity. Like Berlin, Taylor accepts the assertion that modernity is age of pluralism. However he does not satisfies to rest on pluralism, but hope to overcome the lost of meaning in modernity by authenticity.更多还原